What It Takes For English Learners - 928 Words

â€Å"What it takes for English Learners to Succeed?† is an article written by Jana Echevarria, Nancy Frey, and Doug Fisher that illustrate concepts that will allow English Learners to become fluent in English. The purpose of this article is to discuss four accessible teaching practices that will allow English Learners in U.S. classroom to become academically successful and attain fluency in English. To clarify, the authors use access, climate, expectations, and language instruction as the practices that will eliminate education inequality and enable students to be able to fully participate in rigorous course work without excluding English Learners. Ultimately this provides an approachable school reform, creates additive integration of multicultural perspective and approach and lastly brings a way for language diversity to be seen in the classroom. The four effective practices are interdependent to one another. These concepts are the key points that provide a solution in helping English learners become fluent English speakers and be able to understand difficult lessons and high standards. The first strategy the article points out is Access, and it is used more frequently than the others. Echevarria and colleagues (2015) demonstrate that when teachers use differentiated teaching strategies, it will allow students to understand the concepts being taught more easily. For example, using multimedia to provide visual learning along with listening to the teacher can help with learning,Show MoreRelatedWhat It Takes For English Learners?930 Words   |  4 Pagesdiverse in cultures, the needs for new English learners to learn the basic of English and grow in fluency has expanded. Nevertheless, a major of English learners receive insufficient education and have low achievement at school. Therefore, the approach of the schools for English learners might not be sufficient for them to unchain themselves from the boundary of differences in language and culture. As a result, the article â€Å"What It Takes for English Learners to Succeed† from Jana Echevarria, NancyRead MoreExplain The Differences Between Bics And Calp1081 Words   |  5 Pagesrole of comprehensible input and social interaction in second language acquisition. 3. What is the role of a student’s primary language proficiency in second language acquisition? 4. Define Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE). Explain the goals and objectives and instruction features of this framework. (10 points) 5. Briefly describe the difference between informal and formal assessments. What are the advantages/disadvantages of each? 6. Pick one of the activities under the headingRead MoreThe Use Of Technology Of Novice High English Learners1625 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of technology of novice high English learners Introduction The aim of this study is to investigate the role that technology plays in the learning of English for novice high learners. Technology has transformed the way people conduct their lives in many ways, and this includes the way people learn (Salaberry, 2001). Nowadays, many universities offer online language courses, social platforms offer free language lessons and explanations for users all around the world, and it is easier thanRead MoreAssessment of English Language Learners1489 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment of English Language Learners Alisha C. Green Grand Canyon University: ESL 533N Advanced Methodologies of Structured English Instruction December 12, 2012 Abstract Assessments are a critical tool in monitoring the progress of English language learners at all grade levels. The main purpose of assessments is to ensure students are receiving quality teaching instruction in accordance to academic and content standards. Even though these tests are not the only resource used for testing studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Listening Strategy Instruction On Learners Autonomy Of The Iranian Efl Learners1049 Words   |  5 PagesIn the process of teaching English, listening strategy instruction as one of the language learning strategy is the missing piece of the puzzle of most language teaching classrooms. This is more obvious when most learners criticize about their ability in listen appropriately. In fact, language learners do not know the nature of listening, how to improve their listening, and how to overcome the listening comprehension problems occurring while listening. Because of insufficient researches in the fieldRead MoreThe English Language Lea rners : Struggle For Improving School Attendance1483 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Language Learners Struggle to Improve School Attendance Pedro Henrique Santo woke up at 6:30 AM Monday morning, he knew it was another school day and he dreaded it. He has not always hated school, in fact, when he lived in Brazil, he enjoyed going to school, even if it was just to see his friends, but he was no longer in Brazil, he now lived in the United States and he hated school. He did not fit in, he did not understand the language, and he felt like an outsider. That is why he oftenRead MoreGraduation Speech : Low Participation And Achievement1159 Words   |  5 Pagesidentify with – there is no set goal of what the learner wants to achieve when enrolling for English Literacy and Numeracy courses. †¢ No computer or access to a computer, and therefore computer illiterate, will leave the learner frustrated – English Literacy and Numeracy with computer skills are vital today when applying for higher paying employment in order to better your standard of living. †¢ No time to enrol in full time courses – adults must sometimes take on two or even more jobs to meet endsRead MoreThe Instruction Of English Language Learners Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesinstruction of English Language Learners and the difficulties they face with highly important progress tests. The five peer-reviewed articles, in this paper, investigate how changes in language acquisition are measured and how new regulations, in the United States academic standards, affect test practices and test development. The new educational ideals have been developed and put in place to help teachers accomplish the task of content evaluation during final exams. English learners are the firstRead MoreThe Education Of The Texas Education Code1310 Words   |  6 Pagesensures equal educational opportunities for every student in the state who has a home language other than English and who is identified as an English language learner. It is important to know the requirements and competencies for this program. I also became aware of the exceptions and waivers a district must submit a waiver for if it is unable to provide and bilingual education or English as a second language program. Once understanding the criteria and program design, I attended and observed anRead MoreEnglish As A Second Language Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesLearning Academic English as a Second Language When I started searching about topics that are related to Academic English I came up with the features of Academic English but this was a general topic so I looked for other topics. I searched on google about other topics, such as the importance of Academic English. I noticed a website that is about the importance of Academic English for non-native speakers. That really interested me because it is a personal topic since English is my second language

Theme Of Love In Antigone - 1033 Words

In Antigone there are many examples of love and war throughout the play. The chorus plays a big role in explaining how love and war both take place. Love and war can not only be seen by the plot of the story, but can also be observed within many of the characters. Love is shown for the dead and other family members, war is shown by suicide, and people standing up for themselves and what they believe in. The are many examples of the characters showing the love that they have for one another, but the struggle that they have with war within themselves is also shown. Throughout the play love and war are shown in the way that Antigone, Haimon, and Creon show their feelings about many different things and each other. The love and war†¦show more content†¦In the beginning Haimon shows a lot of respect towards his father and his kingly powers and decisions. Haimons love is shown for Creon in the play when he says â€Å"I am your son, Father. You are my guide. You make things clear for me, and I obey you† (716). Haimons hate towards his father is later shown whenever he suggests that his father not punish Antigone and tells him that all of Thebes is in Antigones favor. Haimon also later believes that Creon should listen to the people and make decisions based on the general public. Haimons also shows hate and war against his father when he stands up to him and tells him that what he is doing id not right and that he is going against the God’s. Haimons hate towards his father Creon are shown when he says â€Å"Its is not City if it takes orders from one voice†¦You have no right to trample on God’s right† (719). Haimon shows a lot of love and war towards his father Creon throughout the play based on his decisions he makes as king. Lastly, the love and war relationship was shown in the character Creon many times during the play. Hate and war is the characteristic most shown by Cron in the play Antigone because he has a strong sense of hate towards Antigone for disobeying him and his orders. Also, Creon shows hate towards and traitor or anyone who did him or his family wrong, which was why he set the law that no one could bury polyneices because he betrayed his country and hisShow MoreRelatedMain Theme Of Antigone942 Words   |  4 PagesThemes are important to any story; they give the reader a sense of background and understanding when it comes to the events unfolding in the story. Many literary works include multiple themes, all of which convey  important ideas about humanity and the way that society functions. In  Antigone  by Sophocles, themes exist such as determination, the conflict between conscience and law, the conflict between divine and human law, and familial loyalty.  One key and central theme of Antigone is the importanceRead MoreSophocles Antigone : The Third Of The Three Theban Tragic Plays1106 Words   |  5 PagesSophocles’s play, Antigone is the third of the three Theban tr agic plays and was written around 440 B.C. and is still well known today. Sophocles s play Antigone tells a tragic story about family honor and a sister’s love for her brothers. After Antigone’s two brothers, Polynices and Eteocles died in battle, Creon became the new leader of Thebes. Creon orders that Eteocles have a proper burial while Polynices’s body remain unburied, simply left to rot. Antigone refuses to let her brother’s bodyRead MoreMoral Law vs. Political Law in Sophocles’ Antigone Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone, a written dramatic play, Sophocles portrays the theme that at times of one’s life, it is necessary to follow moral law and ignore political law. In the play, a determined and courageous woman named Antigone is loyal to her beloved brother by granting him a proper burial and having to suffer the consequences for revolting. Throughout Antigone, several incidents occurred where the political la w was of no importance to the individual. Conflicts between Antigone and Ismene andRead MoreThe Prologue Of Antigone899 Words   |  4 PagesThis passage is an excerpt from the prologue of ‘Antigone’, an Ancient Greek tragedy by Sophocles. In this scene, Antigone is trying to convince her sister, Ismene, to help her bury their brother, Polynices. It is significant to the rest of the play as gives explanation to future events and establishes the characters of Antigone and Ismene and their roles in the overall plot. Additionally, the excerpt gives a strong idea of the setting. In the scene, the audience can infer ideas about past eventsRead MoreThe Stories Of Antigone, Gilgamesh, And Genesis1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe stories of Antigone, Gilgamesh, and Genesis were stories that are applicable even in situations happening today. These all have universal themes and have symbols. These stories are iconic because the way the authors’ composed the stories. The aut hors used literary devices to portray underlying messages. These stories have common elements, such as theme, even though they were written in different decades. A common theme between Antigone, Gilgamesh, and Genesis is the bond within siblings. In theRead MoreEssay on Sophocles: Family vs. Law890 Words   |  4 PagesLaw Family, an important theme of life, gets expressed throughout many ways in society. Family may take precedence over many things, including authority and the law. Within the tragic play, Antigone, the author Sophocles presents situations where the characters have to choose between their family and the law. The characters must choose what is more important to them, their family or obeying the laws of Thebes. Throughout the play, Sophocles presents a strong theme of family values and the importanceRead More Set Design for Antigone and how it Helps the Audience Understand the Themes1385 Words   |  6 PagesOutline your set design for Antigone and say how it would help a present day audience to understand the plays themes and atmosphere. For the set design of Antigone, I need to think about how everything links together to provide a complete picture, interacting the actors with set, colour scale. If I was designing the set for a performance this play at college, I would have it performed in the theatre studio in Notre Dame college, it is a linear square space approximately 8metres x 8metresRead MoreThe Moral Of The Story Of Antigone857 Words   |  4 Pagesmisnamed. Outside the city gates, Antigone tells Ismene that Creon has ordered that Eteocles, who died defending the city, is to be buried with full honors, while the body of Polynices, the invader, is left to rot. Furthermore, Creon has declared that anyone attempting to bury Polynices shall be publicly stoned to death. Outraged, Antigone reveals to Ismene a plan to bury Polynices in secret, despite Creon s order. When Ismene timidly refuses to defy the king, Antigone angrily rejects her and goes offRead MoreExplain the purpose of the main characters, minor characters and the chorus in Antigone. (30 marks)1556 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Explain the purpose of the main characters, minor characters and the chorus in Antigone. (30 marks) All characters which feature in Sophocles’ play Antigone play an important role somehow; mainly conveying a certain moral or theme. The major characters portray the main themes such as loyalty, whilst some of the minor characters and the chorus explore the theme of prophecy and fate. Antigone is one of/the main character in the play named after herself. However it is debatable whether she is theRead MoreA Man Defeated By His Flaws in Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† 995 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sophocles’ play, â€Å"Antigone† translated by Robert Fitzgerald and Dudley Fitts, Creon believes his laws surpass the laws written by the gods but his real flaw is his belief in masculine superiority and his self-destructive pride. In Greek literature, a tragedy means a sad story in which a hero is defeated because of his flaws and through this the audience will have a better understanding of themselves and the world. King Creon takes the audience thru his journey of ego, stubbornness and suffering

The Twilight Saga 5 Midnight Sun 14. Plans Free Essays

Coasting down the sweeping drive, I was reveling in the scent that was still lingering in the car. When I pulled up to the garage I saw Jasper and Emmett fooling around and wrestling outside. Instead of leaving the vehicle I took another breath. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 14. Plans or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aroma was intoxicating. Jasper turned to stare at me after he was immersed immediately in undulations of love, like a sponge absorbing water. My intense love was flowing through me as if there were blood flowing through my veins again. Each second, Jasper was being saturated in my bliss. He shook his head in absolute fascination at my involvement with the human girl that was swiftly taking over my existence. I rolled my eyes at him, ignoring his preconceived notions. He turned back to Emmett, grabbing his wrist and swinging him over his shoulder while Emmett landed with a loud thud on the ground. â€Å"I’m going to get you for that,† Emmett grabbed at Jaspers ankle, bringing him down to the ground, another loud thud issued through the small clearing. They both jumped up and began beating on each other. Watching the pair of them brawl was always amusing to me because Jasper would use moves that Emmett had never imagined before and Emmett would ultimately be defeated. Though he was tremendously sturdy, Jasper had familiarity in fighting particularly strong vampires. Their grappling continued while Jasper attempted to throw Emmett down, which eventually worked, but fighting with Emmett reminded me of a human trying to wrestle a piano up the stairs. Dammit! Where does he come up with those moves?Emmett rumbled. Jasper was chuckling in a patronizing tone at Emmett’s indistinct muttering. I couldn’t help but snicker right along with him. He’s in a better mood. â€Å"Hey, wanna wrestle, bro?†Emmet smiled at the thought. â€Å"Emmett,† I tried to stifle my chuckle. â€Å"You know that you will just get angry because I will hear what move you are going to make!† I said in good spirits. Whatever, Edward! Emmett replied sarcastically. His lip curved up in a menacing way and in the next instant he visualized tackling me. He flashed towards me, and in that second I bounded up and on his back, ready for the attack. A few choice curse words exited his mouth. Snickering, I leapt off his back and continued walking towards the house, Jasper’s loud guffaws continued echoing through the forest. â€Å"It’s so unfair, you know?† Emmett complained. I am beginning to see why Alice likes this human girl so much, Edward is not brooding anymore, Jasper hit Emmett with a small pine tree. Thwack. â€Å"Ahhhh,† Emmett shouted while running full force toward Jasper like a train going full speed. Thwack. Emmett laid on the ground, giving up. Jasper chuckled. I threw them a quick smile over my shoulder before entering the house. â€Å"I bet he won’t bring her back,† Jasper said to Emmett, knowing I could still hear. I grimaced. â€Å"What’s on the table?† Emmett chuckled. â€Å"I won’t use my abilities during our next three football games,† Jasper said, grinning. â€Å"Yeah, no more warm fuzzy feelings about how precious the pig skin football is!† Emmett agreed. â€Å"And if you lose, Emmett?† Jasper continued. â€Å"I won’t say another word about that incident in Alaska†¦you remember, don’t you?† Emmett retorted with a smile in his voice. â€Å"You’re on!† Jasper exclaimed. This was apparently the second bet Jasper had made today, though I never understood why he would bet against Alice. I continued to be in better spirits regardless of the banter between Emmett and Jasper and no doubt it was due to the exceptionally delicate girl, Bella. I saw Alice and Rosalie working on their fashion line when I walked inside and they both looked up. Rosalie was finally starting to rein in most of her frustrations. Alice flitted toward me. Can I meet Bella now? Please! I just found the perfect dress for her to wear. Seriously, have you seen the girl’s wardrobe? She needs help! Alice’s vision of Bella and her, arms around each other’s waist, once more flickered in her mind. There was something new there, though, and I couldn’t quite put my finger on it. â€Å"Alice, please, not now,† I pleaded. Her bottom lip puckered out and she frowned. â€Å"I’m sorry, Alice. I just don’t think I am ready.† Or I’m not willing to share her when I just so recently obtained her, I thought dubiously. It will happen, Edward. I love her and you can’t keep her to yourself forever!Alice’s lower lip was still protruding. She marched away from me and began working with Rosalie again. Pig,Rosalie snapped. At least her thoughts were becoming less insulting. When I entered my room I placed a classical CD in the player, trying to drive my thoughts away from the brown-eyed girl that was always at the forefront of my mind. Instead of listening to the intricate workings of the master piece I was listening to all I could think about is how Bella’s heart sounded strangely like the melody flowing from the violin in the background, or how her voice sounded like some musical ballad that no instrument would ever be able to duplicate. Or how the rhythm of her pulse was perfectly harmonious with her very soul. An hour had elapsed and no matter how relentlessly I tried, all I could imagine was her magnificent bouquet, her blushing cheeks or her continuous, melody like heart pumping her soul with life. I was in dispute with myself about going to see her. Each grueling minute was passing at a snail’s pace as I sat on my couch, yearning to be close to her. It wasn’t long before I lost my internal argument, though; I sprang out my window and proceeded in the direction of Bella’s. There he goes again, Emmett saw me through the window. When I arrived outside her house, Billy and Jacob Black were still there. I began searching their thoughts, hoping I hadn’t missed something important. Jacob’s thoughts were very irritating. He couldn’t keep his eyes off Bella but his thoughts were not like Mike’s; he put Bella on a pedestal in his mind and respected her. Regardless, I was still not happy about the way he fantasized her. The Blacks were about to depart and I was able to listen in on them with no difficulty, easily probing their minds for information, secretly unlocking more of Bella’s thoughts by spying on her. Here I was, being the vampire stalker again, like a falcon searching for prey. â€Å"Are you and your friends coming back to the beach soon?† Jacob asked, excited. I really hope so†¦I think Bella likes me. Man, she is so good-looking! â€Å"I’m not sure,† Bella sidestepped Jacob’s question. Dang, I hope she comes to the reservation soon. I had a good time with her last time she was there. I think she likes me, too. She was flirting with me†¦ I think.Jacob was picturing them strolling on the beach together. I clenched my teeth tight enough to cut steel, I was so annoyed. Yes, I was undeniably aggravated. Abruptly my mood was lightened when I saw how Bella was trying to flirt with Jacob in his memory. I suddenly couldn’t suppress a laugh that came through my still clenched teeth when I saw how Bella was attempting to flirt. She truly had no idea what she did to the males around her, how her light flick of her lashes brought some boys to their knees, begging to go out with her. Unexpectedly, I felt sorry for the child. It couldn’t possibly be his fault that she was entirely unaware to her exquisiteness. â€Å"That was fun, Charlie,† Billy said, though his thoughts were elsewhere. I can’t believe I didn’t get the opportunity to tell Charlie about Edward! Next time†¦ So, Billy did recognize me earlier. He probably weaved an intricate thread of lies into Bella’s head. His recollection of his histories was more involved than I realized, but still, his opinions are based solely on half-truths. â€Å"Come up for the next game,† Charlie encouraged. â€Å"Sure, sure,† Billy said. â€Å"We’ll be here. Have a good night.† He suddenly looked at Bella. I’m going to have a talk with her about this Cullen business. â€Å"You take care, Bella,† he added gravely. Billy had every right to be concerned about Bella. She was hanging around a vampire†¦ for fun; what’s more perilous than that? And not just any vampire; the one who hungered after her blood above all others of his kind. Though Bella’s mind is cut off to my extraordinary gift, one thing was still certain: she was absolutely unique. â€Å"Thanks,† she mumbled and then looked away. She didn’t look incredibly pleased with Billy and without thinking about it, once again I tried to penetrate the solid wall surrounding her thoughts. Nothing, silence. So, instead, I was now observing Bella via Charlie’s mind which was quite tedious at times considering his thoughts were sometimes non-existent and his human eyes were weak. I saw the back of Bella’s head through his cloudy human vision as she began walking towards the stairs. Charlie hurriedly called out to her. â€Å"Wait, Bella.† She jerked slightly and turned around warily. She had a severe look on her face, or maybe it was a look of guilt†¦shame? Hum, I really hope I hadn’t missed anything for the short period of time that I was gone. What could she possibly be feeling guilty about? Again, I was chastising myself for not just giving up my hopeless effort to stay away from her. There was something I missed and now I was regretting my absence. â€Å"I didn’t get a chance to talk to you tonight. How was your day?† Charlie inquired. â€Å"Good,† Bella said, still hesitating on the stairs. It looked like she was in deep thought and once again I was perturbed by the lack of thoughts emitting from her. What could possibly be going through that curious mind of hers? I tried to probe her mind once more, just to check, before I reached the silent and impenetrable barrier that was always there. â€Å"My badminton team won all four games,† she said dubiously. I immediately remembered her hitting the net, herself, and Mike in one swing. Now that I knew she was all right, I laughed loudly. The poor girl really was the clumsiest creature I had ever known. She seriously had the grace of a drunk sailor playing golf. â€Å"Wow, I didn’t know you could play badminton!† Charlie exclaimed. Four games? Wow. I’m impressed. I laughed even louder at the fact that he thought she was the reason why the team won. Charlie was truly taken aback and had every right to be according to her statement. â€Å"Well, actually I can’t, but my partner is really good,† she admitted with chagrin. Oh. I should have known better. â€Å"Who is it?† he insisted. â€Å"Um†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she hesitated. â€Å"†¦Mike Newton.† Jealousy ripped at me. This new emotion was masterfully working its way into my daily routine and continuing to aggravate me. She didn’t like him, it was obvious, yet every time they talked or I had to listen to his every fantasy, the little green monster grew to another size. â€Å"Oh yeah ?C you said you were friends with the Newton kid. Nice family. Why didn’t you ask him to the dance this weekend?† Charlie was smiling now and his thoughts were wistful. There it was again, the now larger green monster tugging at my heart, making me want to bring my previous ‘torture Mike’ fantasies to reality. Blow torches came to mind. â€Å"Dad!† Bella groaned, snapping me out of my unhealthy fantasy. â€Å"He’s kind of dating my friend Jessica. Besides, you know I can’t dance.† â€Å"Oh, yeah,† Charlie muttered, disappointed. â€Å"So I guess it’s good you’ll be gone Saturday†¦ I’ve made plans to go fishing with the guys from the station. The weather’s supposed to be real warm. But if you wanted to put your trip off till someone could go with you, I’d stay home. I know I leave you here alone too much.† â€Å"Dad, you’re doing a great job.† Bella smiled at him and I saw a sign of relief in her eyes. What was she so relieved about? Why wasn’t she telling him she would be with me that day? Even if we weren’t going to Seattle, as long as he knew she was with me†¦I’d have to bring her back. If she doesn’t†¦No. Stop there. â€Å"I’ve never minded being alone ?C I’m too much like you.† She winked at him, a sign of trust. She went upstairs after that and I could hear her preparing for bed. As soon as she was asleep I would be in her room again, watching over her as her vampire protector. Bella slept very peacefully that night. I was sitting in my usual spot and taking pleasure in the delectable fragrance that was now engrained in my mind forever. Each breath sent flames down my throat, but it was somewhat pleasurable, too. I was hoping that with each painful gulp of air I would eventually become immune to her scent. Deep down, I was still mildly worried that I wouldn’t stay in control for long when I had her alone in the far away meadow. I took in another breath and it was like swallowing daggers, but it was almost a good pain, a sweet pain. After several hours, the scent started to feel less agonizing and much sweeter. I was grateful that it was becoming easier to be around her. If I were to be away from her for any period of time I would be afraid I would have to start all over again. I sighed. I was just giving myself excuses to never leave her. Tonight, I ventured towards her pile of books. Along with Shakespeare there were other classics. Her copy of Wuthering Heights was torn to pieces. Going through the small pile next to her bed, I learned that she still had several surprises up her sleeves. She was, undoubtedly, the most original and unordinary teenager I had ever met. When dawn broke across the night sky, I decided I needed to leave before Charlie woke up. Darting through the misty forest, I was whizzing past trees at a lethal speed. The air from the night was moving rapidly past me and my throat was still burning from her magnificent fragrance. I was thinking about hunting prior to Saturday so that I would be prepared before I was with her in the meadow†¦ alone. Me and her delicate soul alone ?C no thoughts, no nosy vampires – just me and her in the riveting meadow. The monster was too tightly bound and needed a release. Just a small ounce of prevention ?C inadequate though I knew it would be. When I arrived at home Alice was waiting for me, already in on the plan. Let’s go this afternoon!She beamed at me. Her eyes were twinkling and she couldn’t suppress her radiant smile. I soon saw why she wanted to go hunting with me so badly. Her vision was clear; she would be introduced to Bella today. Even though the meeting would be quick and last a few seconds, she was elated. â€Å"Is that the only reason you want to go hunting with me?† I raised an eyebrow in disbelief. Of course not, silly! I don’t want you to hurt her, Edward. Hunting before you see Bella is a great idea. You could use my company, too. I can tell it bothers you that you don’t have the greatest self-control, and I am used to it with Jasper. I understand. â€Å"Okay, but you better be good! Don’t thrust yourself on Bella. I don’t want to scare her off.† I paused for a moment before adding, â€Å"even though she probably needs a good dose of fear.† I frowned. Alice just grinned widely and scampered off into the house as she sang joyfully in her mind about meeting her new best friend. â€Å"I mean it!† I shouted. I washed up, jumped into my Volvo and hurried back to Bella’s, pulling into the driveway as soon as Charlie was gone. Bella ran out of the house quickly, and this time she didn’t hesitate before she got into the car eagerly. Her hair was shiny and smelled like strawberries, a strong whiff of it hit me as she shut the car door. As soon as the door was shut, her aroma swam around my nose. I was beginning to enjoy her scent, embracing it instead of cringing away from it. No mistakes. As soon as I saw her smiling face and recognized that she was pleased to see me, too, I couldn’t help but smile back at her, it was an automatic response. â€Å"How did you sleep?† I asked. I knew she slept well. I kept watch over her all night. She didn’t even speak. It must have been a dreamless night for her. â€Å"Fine, how was your night?† She smiled wider. â€Å"Pleasant.† I was thinking about how Bella had another suitor she didn’t want, Jacob Black. She said yes to me. I couldn’t help but feel euphoric. She looked at me and her eyes were so warm and inviting. Her hot, delicious breath surrounded me and I just wanted to tell her how much I loved her. Couldn’t she tell? It must be obviously splayed across my face. I took in the air between us. Mouth-watering; there were no other words to describe it. â€Å"Can I ask what you did?† she inquired with a smirk. She wanted to know what I was doing last night. Did she really care what I did, or was she just being polite? No, she did think about me. She even thinks that her feelings for me overshadow my own. She couldn’t comprehend the mere complexity of my love for her. She didn’t realize how lucky I really was. â€Å"No, today is still mine,† I said. She looked at me in disbelief and kitten outrage. Today I had a brand new list of questions to ask her. I asked her about Renee, her hobbies, and what the two of them did in their free time together. I wanted to know about her grandparents, even her school friends. Every thought I unlocked was like opening a door to a new world. During our lunch break together, I remembered I wanted to know more about her past relationships; or not, actually, but I still had to know her complete story. My lips moved and freed the question before I gave them permission to do so. She looked embarrassed and I watched as her face went from her lovely white and slowly began to flush pink. The flood of blood up to her face made me bite down on my cheek. Her flush was utterly stunning, and delectable. My surprise kept the monster at bay as the realization of the fact that she had never chosen anyone before me hit. Were we dating? Is that what this is called?It was hard to believe that she didn’t have someone in the past. Every male she has come across has had to mentally remind themselves to put their tongues back in their mouths. They flock to her. Did she say no to every one of them, even before me? She said yes to me, I reminded myself. â€Å"So, you never met anyone you wanted?† I asked. â€Å"Not in Phoenix,† she answered, blushing again. What are you thinking? My lips pressed together into a hard line. I watched her across the cafeteria table as she took a bite of her bagel. Human food did look utterly disgusting. What does Edward see in Bella? She isn’t even pretty, Jessica glared at her. I wanted to shield Bella from her thoughts, but at that moment I remembered my hunting trip. â€Å"I should have let you drive yourself today.† â€Å"Why?† she demanded. She looked confused. â€Å"I’m leaving with Alice after lunch,† I said She blinked, â€Å"Oh.† She looked disappointed and then said, â€Å"That’s okay; it’s not that far of a walk.† What? She couldn’t be serious. After all this time did she not think of me as a gentleman? I would never make her walk. I was frowning. â€Å"I’m not going to make you walk home. We’ll go get your truck and leave it here for you.† â€Å"I don’t have my key with me,† she sighed. â€Å"I really don’t mind walking.† She looked upset then. What are you thinking now? This was getting exasperating. I shook my head. I know where the key is, Edward, Alice’s thoughts chimed in. â€Å"Your truck will be here, and the key will be in the ignition ?C unless you’re afraid someone might steal it.† I laughed. Who would want to steal that truck? If someone did I would hunt them down. â€Å"All right,† she agreed. She pursed her lips like she was thinking hard and I could almost see a hint of a challenge. I smirked at the thought. Having a psychic as a little sister had its advantages. â€Å"So where are you going?† she asked casually. â€Å"Hunting,† I answered grimly. â€Å"If I’m going to be alone with you tomorrow, I’m going to take whatever precautions I can.† Run, Bella, run! Stay, Bella, stay, I was pleading silently. I had to give Bella the choice. It had to be her choice, always. â€Å"You can always cancel, you know.† She looked down and I was frustrated because I couldn’t see her face. â€Å"No,† she whispered and looked up at me again. â€Å"I can’t.† She can’t? I sighed mentally and realized that I couldn’t cancel either. â€Å"Perhaps you’re right.† She changed the subject, â€Å"What time will I see you tomorrow?† she asked. She looked upset. Had I said something to upset her? Exasperating, not knowing her thoughts was purely frustrating. Did some god send this wonderful creature here to drive me mad? Hoping I hadn’t upset her I answered, â€Å"That depends†¦ it’s Saturday, don’t you want to sleep in?† I offered. â€Å"No!† she answered quickly. I almost felt my heart restart after 80 years of being still. She didn’t want to sleep in because she wanted to be with me. I tried my best to suppress a smile so she wouldn’t be able to tell how pleased this actually made me. â€Å"The same time as usual, then,† I decided. Then I wondered about Charlie. She didn’t tell him that she was going with me, I speculated how she was going to explain me showing up at her house, â€Å"Will Charlie be there?† Her eyes grew tight and she said, â€Å"No, he’s fishing tomorrow.† She seemed enormously pleased about something. I thought about taking her and never bringing her back. Stop! That fantasy, above all the rest, should be the one I would will myself to never think. Didn’t she want me to bring her back? I was feeling frustrated and my voice came out a little sharper then I meant, â€Å"And if you don’t come home, what will he think?† She looked at me like she was prepared to answer this question, â€Å"I have no idea, he knows I’ve been meaning to do the laundry. Maybe he’ll think I fell in the washer.† She was tempting me to seize her and run for it! I scowled at her and she attempted to be angry by scowling back. Just like always, she was just a vicious kitten. She scowled at me for a few more moments and then her expression changed. She looked thoughtful. What was she thinking now? â€Å"What are you hunting tonight?† she inquired like she was asking me to pass the salt. It was so causal, like she was asking about the weather or what was on TV. â€Å"Whatever we find in the park. We aren’t going far.† I mused. â€Å"Why are you going with Alice?† she asked with obvious curiosity. I considered this for a moment. She talked about my clandestine existence like it was normal. I mulled things over; how to tell her that it was Alice that was going because most of my family members were†¦ un-approving of my newly found obsession with a human girl. â€Å"She is the most†¦ supportive.† I frowned, thinking about her visions of vampire Bella. You know it is because I am your favorite sister. Alice thought. Great, she was listening. Bella looked up at me with her beautiful chocolate eyes, â€Å"And the others?† she asked apprehensively, â€Å"What are they?† Pissed off that is what we are. Rosalie thought. Emmet looked at Rosalie then and followed her stare. I try to rein her in bro, but she is feisty. That’s Rosalie for ya. Emmett thought. I wrinkled my brow and replied the best way I could without hurting her feelings, â€Å"Incredulous, for the most part.† I watched her gaze go from my face to over her shoulder. I watched my family with disbelief. They were staring off in different directions, acting like they weren’t listening. I couldn’t be so lucky. â€Å"They don’t like me,† she guessed. She wouldn’t think that Edward if you would introduce us. You know Bella and I are going to be best friends. You know how much I love her. Alice mused. â€Å"That’s not it,† I disagreed. Liar, Rosalie thought. â€Å"They don’t understand why I can’t leave you alone.† I said. Damn right I can’t understand. She’s a human. Rosalie thought with disgust. It’s true bro, I can’t really understand the appeal, but if it makes you happy then I got your back. Emmett contemplated. â€Å"Neither do I, for that matter.† Bella added on top of the already massive amounts of thoughts coming from my family over this conversation. I couldn’t accept that she would consider something like that. Didn’t she know that her beauty was one of a kind, inside and out? I’ve never meet a being quite like her before. I shook my head and rolled my eyes towards the ceiling, partially for her answer, and partially answering my family’s thoughts. I looked back at Bella, â€Å"I told you ?C you don’t see yourself clearly at all. You’re not like anyone I’ve ever known. You fascinate me.† She glared at me with her furious kitten face again. I smiled at her face, â€Å"Having the advantages I do,† I mused, touching my forehead, â€Å"I have a better than average grasp of human nature. People are predictable. But you†¦ you never do what I expect. You always take me by surprise.† She looked away then, and back at my family. She looked†¦ embarrassed? Upset? I couldn’t tell, â€Å"That part is easy enough to explain,† I added. I wished she would look my direction, â€Å"But there’s more†¦ and it’s not so easy to put into words-â€Å" What the hell are you thinking of saying to her, Edward? Rosalie then turned and glared at Bella. What is so special about this girl? Huh? I don’t see it. She is so breakable and human. You just keep her around because she smells like the greatest snack you’ll ever have! Rosalie continued to give Bella a fierce look. If you take a bite out of her this will hurt our whole family, you know that! I had it with her and I snarled under my breath. Whatever, nitwit. Rosalie turned her head then. Bella looked back at me then and I was relieved to see her face. She looked†¦ frightened? Was that possible? Did Bella even know what fear was? I was going to have to give Rosalie a good scolding later. â€Å"I’m sorry about that. She’s just worried. You see†¦ it’s dangerous for more than just me if, after spending so much time with you so publicly†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I didn’t want to finish my sentence. I was hoping she wouldn’t ask to hear the rest, but of course, she would want to know. â€Å"If?† â€Å"If this ends†¦ badly.† I put my head in my hands and tried to push the thought out of my head. Maybe she will finally see that this is serious. That I could†¦ gulp†¦ kill her at any moment. I could breathe her delectable scent in and one day the monster might break free from the darkness I put him in and decide to taste the delicious blood that I could see pulsing on her neck. I heard her drop her hand on the table. I kept trying to push those thoughts away, but then I took in a large gulp of her rich aroma. Instantly the monster reared up. I heard Bella’s shaky voice then, â€Å"And you have to leave now?† The monster retreated then. â€Å"Yes,† wait, she wasn’t†¦. scared? She still didn’t want me to leave? I relaxed and couldn’t help but look delighted, â€Å"It’s probably for the best. We still have fifteen minutes of that wretched movie left to endure in Biology ?C I don’t think I could take any more.† Bella gave me a look like she completely understood what I meant, she must have been feeling the same way about the dull movie, not like I was watching it anyways. It’s time to meet Bella! Yay! Alice trilled in her mind. I could see the back of my head from her vision as she skipped over to the table. â€Å"Alice,† I said. â€Å"Edward,† she answered, and added, this is where you introduce us, in her thoughts. â€Å"Alice, Bella ?C Bella, Alice,† I introduced them, hoping that Alice won’t start bugging me every five minutes about hanging out with her. I only barely obtained Bella, and I didn’t want Alice to take all her time away from me. â€Å"Hello, Bella,† Alice smiled, â€Å"It’s nice to finally meet you.† Once again I saw a vision of her and Bella arm in arm, smiling at each other, Bella’s eyes bright, crimson red. I shot a dark look at her. â€Å"Hi, Alice,† Bella whispered shyly. â€Å"Are you ready?† Alice asked me. I didn’t want to leave Bella, but I was more than happy to remove Alice from her, â€Å"Nearly, I’ll meet you at the car.† I met Bella, yay. Edward, you know this means that we get to start hanging out right? Alice beamed. I glanced at Bella and as she watched Alice dance away. â€Å"Should I say ‘have fun,’ or is that the wrong sentiment?† she asked, looking back at me. Her expression showed a painful emotion, like me leaving her for a short moment in time would cause her great pain. She was so nonchalant about talking about my world that I couldn’t help but grin. â€Å"No, ‘have fun,’ works as well as anything.† I said. â€Å"Have fun, then† she said, I could tell there was an edge to her voice. Was she going to miss me while I was away? Being separated from her was overwhelmingly painful, was she feeling this way too? She couldn’t possibly grasp the concept of the kind of love I felt for her. â€Å"I’ll try,† I continued to smile at her, â€Å"And you try to be safe, please.† â€Å"Safe in Forks ?C what a challenge.† â€Å"For you it is a challenge.† I hoped that she remembered my last request about her safety; that she stays out of the woods. â€Å"Promise.† I begged. If she put herself in harm’s way or was hurt in any way because I wasn’t there to protect her†¦ it would shattered my cold, silent, heart into pieces. â€Å"I promise to try to be safe,† she mused, â€Å"I’ll do the laundry tonight ?C that ought to be fraught with peril.† If that were all she was going to do this evening, she should be safe. I remembered her incident in gym from the other day and grasped the concept that no matter what Bella was doing, there was always an opportunity for her to injure herself. The thought merely brought on an internal chuckle, though, and I teased, â€Å"Don’t fall in.† â€Å"I’ll do my best† she mocked. I stood then, wishing I didn’t have to leave. Bella got up too. â€Å"I’ll see you tomorrow,† she sighed. I was suddenly absorbed by my desires again. Maybe if I just lightly gripped her around the waist, I would only have to concentrate on the amount of pressure I used. No mistakes, I scolded myself. I suppressed a sigh. â€Å"It seems like a long time to you, doesn’t it?† I asked. She nodded with a sullen expression. She was continually saying yes to me. â€Å"I’ll be there in the morning,† I promised. The infatuation I had over touching her was winning my inner dispute. I longed to hold her in my arms, to be engulfed in her warmth. I was craving her touch, too. My body was burning with the yearning to possess her and before I knew it I had reached over and touched her face, lightly touching her cheekbone. Her scent was lingering between us and I took air in my lungs slowly, as if to make the burning and aching of my throat a more pleasurable experience. It wasn’t, it was only a burning pain and I knew if I didn’t turn away now I wouldn’t stop at her face. I’d grab at her waist and bring my lips to hers. No mistakes, I yelled internally. I turned on my heel and strode swiftly from the room, even though my mind was begging me to turn around and take the girl into my arms and†¦ stop there! When I arrived at the car Alice was sitting on the hood, â€Å"You know, Carlisle could help you turn her,† Alice mused. I glared at her. â€Å"I will not take her life Alice!† â€Å"Sure fooled me, I thought I was going to have to drag you out of the lunch room with the visions that were flashing in my mind,† Alice said, â€Å"Now I’m super thirsty after all the imagines I saw,† she faux pouted. â€Å"Like I said, I won’t end her life,† I eyed her evenly. â€Å"Like I said,† she mocked, â€Å"you should ask Carlisle. If you aren’t biting her because you are afraid you will end her life, then why? To keep her human?† she looked at me in aversion, â€Å"but you know†¦ Carlisle won’t kill her.† Alice continued. â€Å"Alice, Bella will not be turned into a vampire, the first one who tries will suffer the consequences!† I growled. â€Å"Okay, okay. Just a thought, Edward,† she looked unhappy. Alice got into the Volvo and we drove to Bella’s. She’ll be fine, you know? Her night looks extremely uneventful. She really needs to get out more†¦ Alice thought. â€Å"I know, being away from her just makes me extremely anxious,† I explained. â€Å"I know,† she trilled. We arrived at Bella’s shortly. You’ll find the key in her blue jeans downstairs in a blue laundry basket, Alice thought, figured I would save you some time. You would have found it eventually, of course, but this way you get out of there quicker. â€Å"Thanks, Alice,† I said, glad our little spat was patched up, or at least put behind us. â€Å"You’re Welcome!† Alice said while she jumped in the driver’s side of the Volvo and drove off towards our house. I was lurking inside Bella’s house and found her truck key quickly. Her lingering scent was ever present throughout the house. I was breathing in deeper than I ever had before around the seductive scent, only because she wasn’t here in the house. I was in no danger of hurting her when she wasn’t here, I contemplated. So I took in another gulp of her perfume before I left the house, which I know I would regret later when I was hunting. I drove her truck back to the school; her aroma was stronger in here than in her house. I tried to distract my mind by musing over all the things I could upgrade on her truck before Bella got out of school. If Rosalie and I were on better terms I would have her do some work under the hood. This truck couldn’t possibly be that safe. I grabbed a piece of paper out of my backpack and decided to write a note to Bella. I have a keep sake from her, she deserves to have one from me, too. I thought of what to write while I was driving (more like snail crawling) back to the school. I decided simple was safer. When I parked the truck I left the key in the ignition and wrote â€Å"Be Safe† on the white piece of paper. I left it in her seat. I checked to make sure there was no one looking and I speed off through the forest and back home. Alice was waiting on the doorstep for me. â€Å"Are you ready?† She trilled. â€Å"Yes, let’s go.† We sprinted through the forest in silence for several miles. I knew it was safe to hunt when the only thoughts I heard were Alice’s. She was thinking about what she was going to pick out for Rosalie to wear tomorrow, whether green and pink or black and pink would look better on her new design for a shirt, and which shoe would look better with Esme’s pants, open toed or not. Her thoughts wondered every which fashionable way possible, and I was grateful. I didn’t want her to bring Bella up. She had so many visions and images in her mind when it came to Bella, and I would never be ready to see some of those visions come to light. Her mind suddenly shifted to our purpose. She stopped suddenly and her eyes went blank. I saw flashes of a large animal in her thoughts but they were flashing and changing so rapidly I was unable to ascertain what she was seeing. Her eyes focused on me now; there is a bear 5 miles from here. Go north and follow the river, you will run into him in 8.2 miles. Alice smiled at me. â€Å"You know, Emmett will be jealous if I tell him you helped me catch a grizzly.† I grinned. â€Å"I know, but you need carnivore blood to help you out with tomorrow.† She smirked. â€Å"Meet you back here in 30?† I asked. You’ve got it! She was gone before she finished her thought. I ran north until I hit the river and followed it. I was letting the monster out of the cage, disengaging my ever flimsy hold on my growing thirst. The monster had been begging for release more than normal lately and I finally let my animal instincts take over. I thought of Bella’s blood, and I was instantly ravenous. I came across a bear exactly 8.2 miles from my starting location. Alice really did have an amazing gift. The monster reared up and I let out a menacing growl. The bear stood on its hind legs and growled back unimpressively. I leapt towards the beast and quenched my thirst. I was right, Bella’s scent and blood even made the bear’s blood dull to the point of being dissatisfying. Bears were much more delicious then the deer I usually ate, but I had been exceedingly gluttonous with feeding since I met Bella, making my meals less than appetizing. When the animal was dry of its blood I pushed the carcass off me and breathed in the cold night air. I rejoined with Alice shortly after. â€Å"Are you going to Bella’s tonight?† she asked. â€Å"Of course, Alice, why?† I stared at her suspiciously. â€Å"Oh, well, Jasper and Emmett have been missing you like crazy, I think I might have even seen Emmett pout the other night when you left so early,† she chortled. I didn’t respond. I know that I had been spending an abundance of my time with Bella, but didn’t they understand? They hardly leave their other half. That is what Bella had become though, my other half. â€Å"Please, Edward†¦ please,† she begged. I couldn’t stand to see my little sister beg like this. I did owe my family a plenitude of my time after everything I had been putting them through lately. â€Å"Okay Alice, but just for the earlier hours of the evening,† I gave in. During the evening Jasper, Emmet, Alice and myself decided that we were going to play cards. With the many talents my family members have, you would think that playing cards would be ludicrous. Jasper would be feeling the triumph or failure emitting from a card player, Alice would see future moves that you were going to make, and I could hear their thoughts. We didn’t play games where we had to use our brains though. The card games we played were strictly speed based. With our vampire speed we tore through every deck of cards. Jasper and Emmet loved to gamble, and our games wouldn’t be the same without a bet. Because of their constant opposition, Esme made us move our game outside before Emmett broke anymore furniture. Rosalie was still fuming about the situation with Bella, but even she couldn’t hold herself up in the garage anymore and came to play. After 79 decks of cards, 2 broken tables, 1 broken vase, 1 ripped shirt (Jaspers), and 3 trees knocked down, we d ecided that we had caused enough destruction. I did get pleasure from the time spent during the evening with my siblings. My regular moping had abruptly wilted away after I came back from Denali. I could tell that my family was enjoying the new Edward, the less mummy-like Edward. Something told me they didn’t want the sulky one back again, which just gave me another excuse to stay with Bella. Time passed slowly, even with the fun I was having with my family. I looked at the clock and noticed it was 10pm. I quickly stood up, ready to leave and watch Bella sleep. Emmett looked up at me and gave me a pleading look. Come on bro, we are about to play some serious football. Jasper and I have come up with some new rules; you have to catch the ball with your elbows only. Come on, it will be hilarious! Emmett begged. Plus I have a bet that†¦ he continued, but I interrupted him. â€Å"Emmett, I’m sorry†¦ maybe another time. It makes me uneasy to be away from her, you understand, right?† Emmett scoffed and I grinned, â€Å"I knew you would understand!† When I arrived at Bella’s, she was already asleep. Any normal teenager would have been out with friends, going on a date, or shopping†¦ but not my Bella. When I finally climbed through her window, I heard music playing. I was instantly intrigued. It was Chopin’s Nocturnes. Once again, we shared a common interest. I knew this CD well. As I stepped closer to her, the scent that had almost taken me the first time we met entered my lungs and I felt like succumbing to the monster inside. She turned over once, and I heard her sigh my name. The clawing monster was instantly diminished. She didn’t move much after that, and she even lightly snored. I sat in the rocking chair breathing her scent in deeply. I was fighting all of my cravings tonight. She looked absolutely beautiful with her hair splayed across her face and pillow. Her pink cheeks lightly flushed. How long was I going to be able to suppress my growing desires to touch her? I knew that our trip to the meadow would either be our breaking or making point. Would she leave alive, or would she leave a vampire? I won’t end her life, I promised myself. Tomorrow, of all the days I had spent with Bella, would be the one day I would not be allowed to make a mistake. I repeated, no mistakes, to myself for good measure. I suppressed a sigh. I honestly don’t know if I will ever really leave her alone, but I would like to think that after tomorrow, I will have a plan. When it started to get light outside I decided to leave, realizing Charlie would be up soon to go fishing. I was leaning over Bella, taking in her scent one last time before I left, and suddenly my hand was at her face lightly caressing. I pulled away immediately and flew out the window. I decided that before I took Bella to the meadow, I needed to see Alice. Her visions were versatile lately. My future was a mystery and I wanted reassurance that Bella would come home to Charlie alive and unharmed. I knew what my decisions would be, but these new cravings were taking over. How many times had I reached out and touched Bella, not even realizing it until my hand was warming from her skin. Alice greeted me at the door, â€Å"Edward, I know you are worried, let me show you what I see. There was one outcome where you bite Bella and she becomes a vampire, hum†¦ but that one has become distant and fuzzy. This clearer vision shows you and Bella laying in the meadow, and my last vision shows you bringing her home safely.† Alice showed me mentally. I had a lump in my throat as I tried to thrust the first vision from my mind. That lump continued to grow as I began panicking. I didn’t know how to ask, but I had to ask for her help. Before I could request her help, Alice answered, â€Å"I will be close by Edward. I won’t let anything happen to Bella.† I love her too, doesn’t he realize this! â€Å"Thanks, Alice.† I whispered. I swiftly rose up the stairs to prepare myself for our new journey together. How to cite The Twilight Saga 5: Midnight Sun 14. Plans, Essay examples

Sex older people free essay sample

This paper was prepared for SCWK 321, Section 01, taught by Professor Jonghyun Lee Late adulthood is considered to start at the age of 65 and continue through 85 until death. According to Erik Erikson’s 8 stage of psychosocial development, this is the final stage of an individual, the integrity vs. despair stage. During this stage of maturity in late adulthood, they begin to reflect on their life lived; if they feel that they made a contribution to life and feel fulfilled, they accept themselves and accept death as a reality. Erik Erikson â€Å"believed if we see our lives as unproductive, feel guilt about our pasts, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, often leading to depression and hopelessness† (McLeod 2008). On the other hand if for some reason they are unable to become satisfy with their life, this will result in a feeling of a complete loss of hope thus they are unable to come to term with death. If the elderly successful complete this stage, they attain wisdom. There is a misconception that older people should not or is not sexual, that as they grow older, they grow less interested in any sexual relation but sexual desire varied from one person to another. It is viewed as a taboo among families and media, inappropriate to be spoken about. According to a study of 2,622 adults over 60 by Elias (1992) found that â€Å"81% of women were sexually active in their 60’s and 65% at the age of 70 and older; among man, 91% were still having sex in their 60’s and 79% after age 69†. Some factors that can contribute to the increase in the interest of sexual relation among older people can be that his/her partner has more time with each other than before, no preoccupation with birth control and/or no chances of bearing children or children interrupting their special moments. Although sexual activity can last for a lifetime there are factors including â€Å"medications, illnesses, partner availability and relationship problems, more than age-related changes in sexual responsiveness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nusbaum 18), which can hinder it and forces the older people to become celibate. The media including television, radio, internet, social media and advertisement, all play a huge role on giving us information, creating perceptions about ourselves and the world. Rarely do we see elderly in movies, they are nonexistent but when we do, they are represented in a negative way. Youthfulness, beauty, physical strength, the Barbie doll shaped woman is what the media place an emphasis on. Elderly are often portrayed in the media as immobile, old, cute, and unable to take care of themselves, depending on wheelchair and cane to move around, weak, blind, hard of hearing, unemployed, and living in nursing home, rude, not interested in sex and always sewing. Thus why the younger generation develops a fear of growing old, they don’t want to live in a nursing home, dependent on others and have nurses changing their diaper as the media misrepresent the late adulthood to be. Two theoretical perspectives that can be integrated in among late adulthood are age stratification perspective and social construction theory. The age stratification theory tries to recognize and comprehend the differences between age group in a society. In the stratification theory â€Å"similar to the way society is structured by socioeconomic class, it is also stratified by age† (Hutchison 365). Depending on our age group or cohort, older people are assigned their roles and individual’s right. The limitation to this theory is that it focuses solely on their age and it does not take into account social class, gender and the race of a person. In social construction theory, through our daily interaction, we create meaning and experiences about the old age. Hutchison stated that social construction theory â€Å"aims to understand and explain the influence of social definitions, social interactions and social structures on the individual elderly person† (364). Our environment, in which we live in, helps define who the old age are but these meaning can change depending where you might live. For example in United States, a person in their late adulthood might be viewed as an invalid, burden or useless whereas this same person can be defined as a person of wisdom and strength in Africa. Life expectancy are soaring , thanks to the decrease in mortality of children and young adults, the decrease of mortality among the aging particularly because of the accessibility to improved health technology but it is expected for our body to decay overtime. This is a natural ongoing process that cannot be stopped by any technology or gimmicks. As our body age, it become harder for our cells to reproduce as often as before and it has less ability to create antioxidants thus it takes longer for the body to heal if break a bone or cut our finger. It is harder also to recover from a cold or infection because the body loses some of its ability to recognize foreign bacteria, viruses and etc. and it will start to attack some of it healthy cells. Our system begins to slow down and response slower, our blood begins to be pumped less, there is a decrease in the functioning of our respiratory system, vision decreases and so do our hearing ability. Our bones become weak, arthritis becomes common due to less cartilage in-between the joints, our sensory system weakens which causes elder to often lose their balance, falling and fracturing their bones. Potency among the late adulthood may decline but sexual desire and the capacity to perform it continues. As men grow older, they tend to produce less testosterone, thus prolonging their ability to erect and lead them to have less sexual desire. On the other hand for women, their sexual interests are heightened due to the fact that there is a decrease in the predication of estrogen which is followed by menopause. Due to the attitudes and behaviors of families’ members and staff, surrounding the expectation of the older generation, many elders are hushed about their sexual behaviors. Sometimes even doctor who are not properly trained to work specifically with this population, may turn away concerns, sees the topic as inappropriate for their age or are uncomfortable with the older people talking about sexual activities. In nursing home and/or assisted living facilities, there has been an issue about the privacy of a couple in their room. Also there has been a concern surrounding sexual activity among individual who has been diagnose with dementia and their inabilities to consent to sexual activity. Elders of the minorities’ false diagnosis of dementia are due to the factors of language barriers, limited availability to information, miscommunication and the low or no education among them. According to a study by Dilworth and Hilliard (2012) â€Å"African American families are less likely than whites to institutionalize elders with dementia and more likely to normalize dementing behaviors† (31). Social Workers can have a better understanding and be able to meet the needs of this issue and the population that it affects by not assuming anything about a person’s sexual practices, preferences and/orientation. By evaluating personal attitudes, feeling and values regarding sexuality, being cultural competence and demonstrating sensitivity to the clients values beliefs, we can better assess the sexual activity among older people. It is essential that as social worker, to remain nonjudgmental and explore options and services available for encouraging healthy sexual activities. Refrain from treating older adult as if they are a child, incapable of making independent decisions even if they cannot do so, empower rather than discourage. References Dilworth-Anderson, P., Pierre, G. Hilliard,T.S. (2012). Social justice, health disparities, and culture in the care of the elderly. Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics, 40(1), 26 -32 Elias, M. (1992). Late-Life Love (Cover Story). Harvard Health Letter, 18 (1) 1. Hutchison, E.D. (2011). A life course perspective. In Dimensions of Human Behavior: The changing life course. (4th ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Nusbaum,M.H., Lenaham,P., Sadovsky,R. (2005). Sexual health in aging men and woman Addressing the physiologic and psychological sexual changes that occur with age. Geriatrics,60(9), 18-23. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Stages. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

102 Week 8 Journal Response Professor Ramos Blog

102 Week 8 Journal Response Week of 7/23/2018 7/27/2018 Sorry for the late post! This week we studied fallacies and monsters and their connection. See if you can locate a fallacy in the wild. Where ever you come across it, make sure to summarize and explain how it is a fallacy. See if you can give it a name. You can also write about anything that reminds you of the class and discussion. Requirements. 250 word summary and response to the article/post/news/etc; aka text. Comment below with a link to the text and your summary/response. 102 Week 8 Journal Response Sorry for the late post! Find an article that relates in some way to the things we have been talking about in class. Summarize the article, then respond to it in some way. Explain the argument you believe they are making? Why did you pick it? How does it connect to our class? One paragraph summary of source. One paragraph response to source. Include a link to the text. Should be about 250 words in length. Comment below with your response.

Andy Worhol essays

Andy Worhol essays When you think about it, department stores are kind of like museums. Andy Warhol made that quote to totally destroy the fine line between fine arts and commercial arts (art used for magazine illustrations, comic books, etc.). Warhol did not create paintings, but he developed a new printing method he called screen-printing, to make the very unique illustrations he named Pop Art. No one is more associated with Pop Art than Andy Warhol. His art made him stand out as one of the most unusual, yet influential artists of the 20th Century. Andrew Warhola, his original given name, was born on September 28, 1930 in Forest City, Pennsylvania as the son of Slovak immigrants Julia and Ondej Warhola. He grew up in a depressed Philadelphia neighborhood stricken with poverty and crime. As the youngest of three boys, he became naturally timid and shy and the target of bullies at school. On top of being shy, he was afflicted by Sidemans Syndrome, a rare childhood disease characterized by irregular movements, physical disturbance, and acute rheumatic fever. Since he was constantly sick, he spent a great deal of time in his mothers care. When he was thirteen, his father died in a terrible construction accident. After of his fathers death, Warhol was drawn even closer to his mother. Soon after, his family moved to another town in Pennsylvania called Oak Land. He had trouble making friends there too, so he spent most of his free time with either his mother or girls he had met. Often he would go see movies and collect auto graphed photos of stars which were given out after the screening. Several of these photos were used later in his prints. Warhol was an incredibly bright child, but didnt partake in any extracurricular activities due to his extreme shyness and because he believed his abilities were superior to his peers. Warhol continued to be the loser of his class until finally he graduated. He appl...

Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Epidemiology - Essay Example An archetypal epidemiologic question may entail the number of new cases of AIDS that were reported in relation to teenager in the American society in a given year. The estimates will demonstrate the occurrence of the disease and whether an increase or decrease is experienced in the age group. Epidemiology is a vital tool for the health and safety of communities, and the whole populace, as epidemiologists discover and measure events associated with health within a chosen population. As a result, the scientific field formulates various models of how an event occurs to develop a better understanding of the health events on an advanced level. In this case, the field is utilized as problem-solving process. For instance, the occurrence of an unknown virus within a population requires the expertise of epidemiologists to analyze its root causes. The analysis results in advanced knowledge about the virus and, as a result, its root causes are discovered, which proves beneficial in the prevention of a similar occurrence (Oleske, 2009). The scientific field is imperative to public health as it provides a basis for scrutinizing, prioritizing, and evaluating as well as developing public health activities and programs. Health programs are developed when need arises, and the field of epidemiology is beneficial in the assessment of needs. For instance, the scientific study answers question associated with current problems typifying a community and adequacy and accessibility of health services. In this context, epidemiology can be utilized as a health surveillance tool to assess the scope and frequency of potential health problems through surveys in order to evaluate the need for health programs (Smith, 2001). The realm of medicine requires more studies that analyze the various aspects of contemporary issues, because it is a human biology as well as a social science typified by rapid changes. Epidemiology is broad with enormous

Changing an organization's culture requires that every employee Research Paper

Changing an organization's culture requires that every employee embrace change - Research Paper Example To this end, the current CEO was installed to spearhead the reform needed to address the problems and institute changes. This department has been selected to lead the reform initiative. A survey will, hence, be designed as a preliminary step to this measure. In the context of the change intervention being planned by the Human Resources, this survey will identify the potential challenges within the department from the perspective of the employees so that they can be addressed and prevented in the future. In a way, this survey will serve as an evaluation of the organizational climate for various problematic issues. This follows the principle that employees serve as the sounding board for problems and that taking time to know what they think and feel will lead to the identification of â€Å"red flags† or warning signs that include workplace safety, ethics, corporate culture, and other organizational vulnerabilities. Surveys like this tend to reveal the reality of how and whether policies and procedures are effective and beneficial. (Burke and Cooper 2004, p. 246) The feedback obtained will collectively make up the basis of the changes to be implemented and the approaches to achieve this objective. II. Complete Survey Layout The employee survey will be divided into six sections. All of these would answer the specific objectives of the survey: employee profile; the corporate culture; perception about CF&F; Quality of Benefits, services, and support; and, Open questions. The format is a typical five-level Likert scale except in the open question section, wherein respondents are free to express their thoughts. It is expected that the data that will be collected will reveal patterns that would allow the effective and successful creation and implementation of reforms. Section I: Employee Profile Important personal information that could correlate with answers and perceptions such as gender, age, educational attainment, job position, tenure, job description, and s o forth. Section II: Corporate Culture Self-description of organizational values, initiatives and policies. The following are sample questions: I identify with CF&F’s core values. Strongly Agree Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree My colleagues treat me with respect. Strongly Agree Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree I am willing to offer an extra amount of time and effort in order for the organization to be successful. Strongly Agree Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree I am satisfied with the career path and opportunities offered to you at CF&F. Strongly Agree Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree Section: III: Organizational Perception This section will contain employee knowledge of organizational policies and initiatives; the employees’ perception, among others. For example: Organizational policies positively affect my work performance. Strongly Agree Disa gree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree Organizational policies and strategies are clearly communicated. Strongly Agree Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree Senior management takes time to listen to me. Strongly Agree Disagree Agree Strongly Disagree Neither Agree or Disagree Section IV: Support, Benefits, Training. The existence as well as the quality of support and services available to employees, including employee benefits,

Roe v. Wade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Roe v. Wade - Essay Example Justice Blackmun, writing for the majority, acknowledged that the state had an interest in regulating abortion as a way to reduce medical risk for women and to protect the lives of unborn children but argued that a woman’s right to terminate her pregnancy must be weighed against the rights of the state. As long as the fetus is not viable — the Court used an established definition of viability, which considered a fetus viable at the point it is able to live outside its mother, even if some artificial assistance is needed for it to do so — the state can only regulate abortions in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health. For abortions prior to the end of the first trimester, the Court held that the state should not interfere and should leave the decision-making to a pregnant woman and her doctor. Only for abortions during the third trimester of pregnancy, when the fetus is viable according to the Court’s definition, could the state prohibit aborti on and only then if doing so did not significantly threaten the health of the pregnant woman. Blackmun went on to state that in questions of abortion, there is no consideration of a fetus’s right to life under the protection of the Fourteenth Amendment because the Fourteenth Amendment protects only Americans who have been born. There is no Fourteenth Amendment protection for the unborn. Blackmon adds, in note perhaps to the spirit of the times, that the Court’s ruling is not intended to serve as an answer to the question of when life begins but only as a statement of the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment. Roe v. Wade remains a milestone case, setting the stage for countless arguments between those who support abortion and those who would do away with it. Though I agree with the gist of the Court’s decision — that a woman should be able to obtain a legal abortion, especially early in pregnancy — I find the legal basis for the Roe v. Wade decision a little shaky. Protecting the right to

The Increase Of Private Labels Of Grocery Products

The Increase Of Private Labels Of Grocery Products How customers make product selection is a vital concern in marketing theory. A vast briefing and a growing stream of models have been developed seeking to throw light on this issue. Implicit in mainly of this work is that consumers are choosing among rival company brands. In todays FMCG markets private brand increasingly competes with manufacturer brands noticeable at very unusual price levels. The increase of private labels of grocery products is a sign of a major change in the product mix offered by seller. Store brand offer consumers with a competitive substitute to national brands. Private brands offer low prices due to their low manufacturing costs, low-cost packaging, nominal advertising and lower overhead costs. For retailers, store brand offer a chance to increase store traffic and build store loyalty. Though private brands are generally priced lower than manufacturer brands, the higher margin earned on these products allow retailers to increase into lower volume categories for which success depends on greater per unit contribution margins. More prominently, the accessibility of proprietary brands not sold elsewhere may support store loyalty and boost store traffic. Once inside the store, the consumer also become a prospect to which to sell the whole grocery basket due to cost of time involved in multi store shopping. Consumers frequently make judgments of product quality on the basis of substitute or indirect indicators. Surrogate measures are product connected sign that consumers think are linked with real objective measures of product quality. Surrogate sign are used in quality assessment because they can be interpreted, assess and review easily when considering a variety of brand alternatives. Therefore, it would seem helpful for store brand managers to understand which substitute variables are in use by households when inform store brand quality and how different groups of consumers diverge in their consumption of such indicators in brand choices. Retailer who sell both private brand and manufacturing brands, which is often accurate for frequently acquire consumer products, is confront with describe his private brand market. It is vital for him to know whether the sales of his private brands are reason for the impulse buying of consumers who switch to his store at the time of purchase or whether his brands customer are loyal to his brand and comprise a particular market segment. In fast moving consumer goods normally get pleasure from very slim profit margins in their product categories. It is therefore very important that the retailer be aware of the impact of the introduction of a store brand on customer demand for both the store brand and manufacturing brands. Retailer have turn out to be more powerful and global, they have gradually more focused on their own brands at the cost of manufacturer brands. Rather than just selling on price, retailers have changed private label into brands. Consequently, such a Johnson Johnson, Nestle, Procter Gamble and Unilever and all other locally and multinational manufacture now compete with their largest retail and wholeseller customers like Metro, Makro, Aghas and Naheed. The development in private labels has huge inference for executive on both sides. So far, brand manufacturers still stick to their outdated assumptions about private labels. Most vital, the lay out actionable approach for opposing against or work together with private label supplier. Private labels enable managers to steer beneficially in this radically altered landscape. Private label market share usually goes up when the economy is distress and downward in stronger economic periods. Manufactures of brand name products can have major influence on the importance of the challenge create by private label goods. It is not easy for managers to look at a competitive risk objectively and in long term situation when day to day performance is suffering. Lot of private label commodities are more complicated than their rivals similar products. Once chosen for less prosperous buyers, private labels have enjoyed growing attractiveness among all consumers. Private brands are, in reality, altering the branding, product development marketplace, and retailing which was already changing in reply to globalization, more rapidly development, and superior consumerism. Private Brands are growing into full fledged alternative, capable of competing productively with these national brands on quality as well as on price (Harding Quelch, 1996) and contributing significantly to profitability, Store discrimination and store loyalty (Lal Corstjens 2000). Sales Volume and market shares of store brands, as well as their appeal to consumers have gradually increasing. A lot of retailers come into view themselves increasingly as active marketers of their own store brands, rather than as iactive distributors ofnational brands. Private brands can help retailers to attract consumers traffic and build loyalty to the store by offering exclusive product lines and quality products. In addition, store brands can help project a lower price reflection for retailers, increase their bargaining influence over manufacturers and producers of major national brands and point to increased control over shelf space. Carrying store brands comes with sevral advantages, one of whic h is the comparatively high gross margin, which can be more than a manufacturers brands. The high margin results from the more proficient marketing effort, lessening of middleman, and economies of scale get hold of distribution. Furthermore, they present worth to customers by offering a mishmash of good quality and superior products and strenghten the retailers name both on the shelves and in customers homes (et al Richardson, 1996 and Fitzell 1992;). The idea of store brands is often used interchangeably with terms such as private label brands or own brands. (cf. DelVecchio, 2001; Dick et al., 1996;Hoch and Banerji, 1993; Raju et al., 2001; Sethuraman and Cole, 1999). The positioning of the brand is a gathering of many different variables, such as the image of the store, quality of the products, price of the products, variety of the products and drive of the retailer to invest in its promotion (Kapferer, 1994 and Davies, 1998;). In most of the cases the private brand is closely linked with the store itself, for example in the case of Makro, Metro, Naheed, Aghas and D-Mart where own brands are sold exclusively. In other cases, the store brand is one of lots of brands available in the store. This situation is distinctive for most retail stores. 2.1. Development of Intention How do retailer attributes influence consumer valuation of store brands? Even though retail stores are facing difficulties in discriminating themselves due to the lack of a apparent core product/service and the need to address the broadest possible range of consumers and purchase situation, (al et Dick 1995). For Suppose that the store image acts as an important sign of store brand quality. Store image is reflected in the stores physical environment (al et Richardson 1996b), Observation related to its commodities, and perceived service quality (Golden Zimmer 1988, Baker et al., 1994).Custmers use these indication to form an overall assessment that will influence their attitude toward the store as a whole, and potentially towards its store brands. This can give explanation why store brands do better than manufacturer branded products in some cases. Consumers buying decisions will thus be subjective by their experiences with the retail environment, the merchandise and the level of ser vice: (al et Semeijn J. / Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 11 (2004)) A well-recognized and established brand image is one of the most important assets a firm possesses. Brand managers and manufacturers are worried with managing brand equity and capitalizing on the value of a brand image (Aaker, 1991). A product or retail establishment has many relations which combine to form its total intuition. Only some would disagree that consumers form impressions of brands, and that these impressions afterward put forth a major influence on store choice decisions and shopping behaviors. Favorable images of brands surely influence patronage decisions and purchase behaviors, while unfavorable images unfavorably influence such decisions and behaviors. In other words, the images linked with the brands a store carries influence a stores image, which in turn, influences consumers decision-making process and behaviors. As a result, brand image and Store image are inextricably connected to one another. 2.2 Store image The concept of store image first came of interest when Martineau Pierre (1958) explain the qualities of the retail store. Since that declaration, it has usually been recognized that, over time, consumers form opinion and feelings associated with stores, and that these overall imitation strongly influence their shopping and patronage behaviors. Retail store image is an overall intuition of a store as perceived by consumers (Keaveney and Hunt, 1992). One of the normally conventional formal definitions of retail store image is an individuals cognitions and feeling that are contingent from perceptions or memory inputs that are emotionally involved to a particular store and which represent what that store mean to an individual (Jacoby and Mazursky, 1986 Baker et al., 1994; ). In addition to developing explanation of retail store image, researchers have also recognized multiple extent of the concept. Retail image is normally explain as a combination of a stores well-designed qualities and the psychological characteristic consumers link to these. Where as the exact dimensions have varied over the years, the well-known classification of image characteristic have consisted of some combination of functional and psychological characteristic. For example, some of the more common proportions identified by researchers have been linked with: trend, choice, and excellence of merchandise; customer services and sales personnel; and the physical conditions and ambiance of the store (Golden and Zimmer, 1988, Lindquist, 1974-1975; Martineau, 1958;). A strong brand image offers an organization quite a few important strategic advantages. A brand differentiate the goods and services of one seller from those of rival. A powerful brand identity creates a major competitive advantage; a well known brand encourage repeat purchases. Thus, a brand acts as a indicator to consumers concerning the source of the product and defend customers and manufacturers from me-too products that may come out identical. Brand image consists of consumer knowledge and thinking, stored in memory as associations, about brand attributes and the consequences of brand use (Olson and Peter, 1994). These relations are usually organized in some meaningful manner (Aaker, 1991). Brand images are important because they form worth for manufacturers in at least five means (Aaker, 1991). 1st, brand images help consumers retrieve and process information. 2nd, brand images give a basis for discrimination and positioning of a product. 3rd, brand images involve product attributes and customer benefits that give consumers a basis to purchase and use the brand. 4th, brand images create relations that make positive attitudes and approach that are transferred to the brands. 5th, brand images provide the source for product extensions, by creating a sense of fit among the brand and the new product or by giving consumers a basis to buy the new product. The value brand images create for manufacturers are also expected on to the image of retail stores that hold the brands. One way consumers explain retail stores is in terms of their assessments of the brands accepted. (JOURNAL OF PRODUCT BRAND MANAGEMENT, VOL. 6 NO. 6 1997) Store brands are usually owned, controlled, and sold exclusively by particular retailers. The products sold under these brand names are generally developed and packed by retailers rather than manufacturers and are marketed solely through their own stores. The entry of a store brand can aid retailers in a number of ways: First, store-brand entry can strengthen the bargaining position of retailers v/s national brand manufacturers. The retailers channel power is supposed to increase as a result of store-brand entry, which changes the nature of the manufacturer-retailer dealings. Store brands may permit the retailer to negotiate lower wholesale prices on national brands. In addition, retailers can strategically position store brands in the product space to strengthen their bargaining position when negotiating supply terms conditions with manufacturers of national brands. Store-brand entry may increase the importance of the entire category and increase category sales. In fact, store-brand entry may shake up a dormant category. The store brand itself may make profits because of its high unit margin and potentially high volume. Store brands make shopping easier for consumers, and they enhance the stores image and store loyalty by improving store differentiation v/s other retailers. The retailers marketing tactic for store brands should think about manufacturers interest in developing store brands and consumer interest in store brands. Regardless of the potential power of a store-branding marketing strategy, and although its great attractiveness in a variety of sectors, applying a store-brand strategy does not necessarily promise instantaneous success. To a certain extent than viewing development of a store brand as a dependable recipe for success, retailers need to study the brands positioning and financial characteristics in depth to choose how and whether to apply a store-brand strategy. Several characteristic should be measured: The strength of competitiveness in the division. Retailers that work in less competitive markets essentially hold large market shares. Because these retailers get pleasure from regular traffic by consumers, they can offer wide range in leading and non-leading national brands as well as store brands. As a result, it is more likely tha t consumers will believe the private brand to be a good buy. These brands thus help strengthen tie between consumers and the retail chain and increase loyalty to the chain. Economies of scale. Because large retailers can exploit their strength to reduce distribution costs, they can easily ask manufacturers to manufacture a store brand for them at lower cost. The savings achieved permit large retail chains to present quality brands at reasonable prices. The depth of the retailers product mix. Customers at retail chains with low positioning look forward to find a more limited range of brands, ranging from store brands to leading manufacturers brands. Because the majority of consumers in these chains tend to buy non-leading national brands, it is more expected that the store brands will sell and become a regular attribute in the shopping baskets of the chains customers in time. The retailers experience in diverse product categories. Consumers in specialty stores develop only a weak reliance on national brands because they seek exclusive brands rather than the standard brands offrerd in most stores. Against this conditions, the prospects grow for the specialty shop to build up a line of store brands. Price difference. Research demonstrate that when there is a large difference between product prices (national and private) in certain categories, the rivate brand has better prospects for success. As the gap grows smaller, the prospects of store brands similarly reduce . Promotion. Promotion activities by national brand manufacturers, such as concession on their own brands, direct to a loss of status and influence for store brands, mainly among price-sensitive consumers. When distributors strive to fight national brands through alike promotion activities, they may end up deteriorating the private brand and enhancing sales of national brands, as promotions can make consumers recognize the store brand as lower in quality than the national brand. (Ram Herstein and Eugene D. Jaffe are based at the Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel.). 2.2.1 Price of Store Brand Price and extraordinary promotions have been used to attract customers to a retail store and create an increased level of store traffic (Berden and Lichtenstein, 1989 Krishnan, Monroe and Grewal, 1998). According to the trade publications, retailers use of price promotions to draw attention of customers and the want to maintain margins have always been at odds with each other. The disagreement has become more acute as price promotions have failed to build sales (Grocer Progressive, 1992). In addition, although price discounting can generate traffic in a retail store, such discounting can have negative effects on the brands quality and internal reference prices. Price discounting may even spoil a stores overall image. 2.2.2 Quality There was a distinctive gap in the level of quality between private label and national brand products. Now that gap has narrowed; private-label quality levels are much higher than ever before, and they are more consistent. The distributors that bond for private label manufacture have improved their procurement processes and are more cautious about monitoring quality. For a long time, the critical assumption that a product will best satisfy the customer as long as it has desired benefits was, unexpectedly, completely foreign to store-brand marketers in emerging developed markets. Consumers were hesitant to accept store brands because they did not offer functionality benefits that indicated quality, freshness, high performance, resilience and etc. Only recently have some managers in the best-performing store brand markets learned what the store brand actually means to the customer, and they have consequently improved its functionality and quality. (Launching store brands in emerging markets: resistance crumbles by: Jaffe D. Eugene and Herstein Ram) 2.2.6 Ambiance Is it not enough to offer a well familiar product range at a best price in the right place? A good layout is a matter of customer satisfaction. Of course, there are also viable factors that argue in favor of the significance of a good layout. A good layout provides you with the opportunity of influencing store turnover. The proper shelf layout, the display of the product range or a well-thought out spot for special offers all have a direct outcome on turnover. So a good layout may very well create a boom in a stores turnover. Each store has its own best explanation for logistics problems. This applies mainly to stores with a quick turnover of goods, stores that sell products that are not easy to market or products that take up a large amount of space. One of the major purposes of the layout is certainly to create smooth customer flow all the way through the store. To accomplish this, it is important to create the right balance between fast and smooth (consumer) flow on the one hand a nd provision of space on the other. Creating smooth (consumer) flow is essential in stores that have a high frequency of customer visits. Of course, a good layout has other purposes as well. In accordance with the belief that first impressions count, the layout can either catch the attention of customers or put them off. A layout can provide solutions or it can cause difficulties.