Johnson and johnson

Johnson and johnson a.        Executive Summary Johnson and Johnson organization has arranged another item relax in the market explicitly for Pakistan where a major number of people groups having insufficient attention to bacterial and germs disease. The item named as Pak antibacterial cleanser is structured that gives speedy, simple and powerful hand washing. Appropriate hand washing is the best precaution measure accessible to battle transferable sicknesses. Skin issues are regular for individuals all things considered. Regardless of whether you endure with a rash, irritated skin, skin parasite or contamination, skin knocks, or skin labels. Ill-advised handwashing. The Market Through examined raw numbers Johnson and Johnsons Pak antibacterial cleanser is wide market, for example, moms, youngsters and workers. The objective market has populace of in excess of 160 million in which 68% of individuals are not appropriately wash their hands before eating. Individuals of the nation are very little mindful about the bacterial diseases. So JJ arranged an alluring promoting system which will teach the individuals and give solid life in their own hands. In view of definite money related projections,JJwill require22 million Pakistani Rupees and will generatepositive money flowin first quarter, Year 1. Deals Forecast b.        Introduction 1.a        Background: Johnson and Johnson (JJ) is a worldwide pharmaceutical item organization. This organization is a notable association. The organization began its first creation in 1886 and following one year in 1987 it is fused. The organization headquarter is in New Brunswick situated at prime area. b.b        History: The organization Johnson n Johnson was found in 1886 (around 120 years back) on a progressive thought by Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson when specialists and medical caretakers began to utilizing swathes and dressing, clean stitch for rewarding injured people groups. The organization has kept up inviting condition and sharp in wellbeing and security from the earliest starting point, they first time utilized non-polycarbonate compartments rather than plastic containers. JJ utilizes a biggest sunlight based force generator as an individual from Green House for keeping the earth. b.c        Corporate chairmanship of the Company v Robert Wood Johnson I 1887-1910 v James Wood Johnson 1910-1932 v Robert Wood Johnson II 1932-1963 v Philip B. Hofmann 1963-1973 v Richard B. Sellars 1973-1976 v James E. Burke 1976-1989 v Ralph S. Larsen 1989-2002 v William C. Weldon 2002- b.d        Corporate Governance: Top managerial staff of Johnson are recorded beneath: Mary Sue Coleman, James G. Cullen, Dominic Caruso, Michael M.E. Johns, Ann Dibble Jordan, Arnold G. Langbo, Susan L. Lindquist, Leo F. Mullin, Christine A. Poon, Steven S. Reinemund, David Satcher, and William C. Weldon. http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson In the primary time of their improvement during 1886 to 1926 they got accomplishment to set up an organization in New Brunswick and they concentrated on clean careful dressing to spare the lives of patients. They take an interest in sparing people groups lives in1906 Francisco catastrophe. Their worldwide development started in 1919 from Canada and 1924 from England. During Their second time of product offerings extension been b.e        Company Structure: JJ is with a few business portions in all around the globe with 250 organizations in 57 nations. The organizations are worried with following specific territories: Buyer Health Care Clinical Devices and Diagnostics Pharmaceuticals Results of JJ: Clinical Devices and Diagnostics: JJ is helping emergency clinics with the innovations to reestablish the delights of valuable existence of person who are enduring with ailments and interminable conditions all around the globe. They are giving in excess of 20 sort of innovative gadgets including Orthopedics, Implants, Joint Replacements, Sports Medicins, Heart and Vascular Diseases and so on. b.f        Consumer Products: For improving the nature of consistently life the purchaser organizations of JJ focus on the child care, skin and hair care, oral consideration, nourishing, relief from discomfort, topical consideration and significantly more. Their vision is extremely clear and the companys trademark is BRINGING SCIENCE TO THE ART OF HEALTHY LIVINGâ„ ¢. b.g        The Pharmaceutical portion: Johnson put over $5 billion out of 2008 on RD. This speculations lion's share was in five restorative zones where the Pharmaceutical fragment is deliberately engaged and where there keeps on being critical neglected clinical need. Following territories are incorporated: cardiovascular sickness and digestion, neuroscience (counting torment); irresistible infection, immunology and oncology. b.h        Recent Products: J is keep on giving more beneficial life to their customers. Here are some ongoing items relaxed by the organization: AVEENO ® Intense Relief Repair Cream AVEENO ® POSITIVELY AGELESSâ„ ¢ Firming Body Lotion AVEENO ® POSITIVELY AGELESSâ„ ¢ Warming Scrub CLEAN CLEAR ® ADVANTGE ® Blackhead Eraserâ„ ¢ Exfoliating Cleanser JOHNSONS ® HEAD-TO-TOE ® Foaming Wash JOHNSONS ® Baby Bubble Bath Wash 1.        Situation examination: Our antibacterial cleanser is uniquely delivered to shield individuals from germs and microscopic organisms. Particularly in Pakistan where is anything but a total comprehension of people groups about the bacterial disease. Individuals in underdeveloped nations are not completely mindful of these sorts of issues. Indeed, even in provincial territories of Pakistan where individuals are not educated, they are confronting new skin issues each day. Our new item focuses on those regions of the third reality where individuals don't know about bacterial assurance. First we center individuals who are living in rustic zones of Pakistan particularly inside Balochistan. 1.1        Market Summary: 1.1.1Market Demographic: As per a study populace and development pace of Pakistan is under the accompanying: Populace of the nation: 172,800,000 (as per July 2008 best estimation) Development pace of populace: 2.2% (as per 2008 estimation) Birth proportion: 31 births for each 1,000 populace (2008 est.) Demise proportion: 8 passings for every 1,000 populace (2008 est.) Net movement proportion: - 1.0 migrant(s)/1,000 populace (2008 est.) Refr:â â â â â â â â wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Pakistan In this overview over 68% populace of Pakistan is living in country regions where individuals don't know about the bacterial contaminations. 1.2        External Analysis: 1.2.1Political Analysis: Consistent political precariousness affects the organization regarding building relations with the legislatures. It is hard to keep up long haul relations with all the administrations. Pakistan is lining up with US against the fear based oppression and on account of this their people groups are casualties of psychological warfare and are pushed. 1.2.2Environmental Analysis: Strong waste consuming, terrible quality fills, and the developing utilization of engine vehicles are contributing towards in air contamination that in certain urban areas as surpassed levels regarded safe by the World Health Organization. The nation is experiencing a great deal the dry atmospheres. The nation has poor water framework considerably over 70% populace dont have refined water for drinking. Besides nation has not a legitimate sewerage framework. 1.2.3Social Analysis: JJ must be cautious as per usage of its limited time crusade. Since the social culture of Pakistan is traditionalist and any intriguing ad face a ton of responses with respect to customers. 1.2.4Technological Analysis: Pakistan is a major shopper of new innovation. Web organizations are giving a wide scope of inclusion. Transportation is less expensive than other huge nations yet there is a major issue of power. Existing foundation can't satisfy the total prerequisites of the nation. 1.2.5Economical Analysis: The monetary state of Pakistan will consistently influence the organization. As Pakistan expansion rate is going high and high and salary of people groups isn't expanding as valuing of items are going up. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized practical nation. The development shafts of the countrys economy are arranged along the Sindh River (Indus River), enhanced economies of Karachi, Lahore and Faisalabad are situated with less created zones in different pieces of the nation. Pakistans monetary development rate has been expanded in most recent 40 years and getting solid as contrast with 1947. Yet at the same time there are insufficient offices that satisfy financial prerequisites of the populace. 1.2.6Legal Analysis: There are no legitimate issues in Pakistan for JJ as organization meets all the lawful prerequisite of the nation. 1.3 SWOT Analysis: 1.3.1Strengths: The significant quality of JJ in Pakistan is alliance and backing from the Johnson and Johnson worldwide association which has a decent notoriety in wellbeing part. Another bit of leeway is accessibility of high innovation framework. JJ never bargain on the nature of administrations and the items, they give to the shopper. 1.3.2Weaknesses: JJ have just a shortcoming that they are coming in that showcase where as of now have solid contenders and they are notable and have solid relations with the customers. As needs be JJ isn't sufficient solid in that showcase so catching new market is extremely testing objective for the organization. 1.3.3Opportunities: In spite of the fact that the current antibacterial cleanser fabricates have just begun the battle to know people groups of the nation about the bacterial contamination however there is as yet a major market to catch. We accept that JJ have a chance to catch provincial zones of the nation where individuals have not intellectually arranged to purchase these antibacterial items. In urban regions individuals of Pakistan as of now fa

Team building Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group building - Research Paper Example The correspondence premise is extremely noteworthy on the grounds that it evacuates the hindrances that exist inside a group and permits the group to advance further as opposed to staying at a specific plan for extensive stretches of time. This is so required in light of the fact that it settle the ambiguities that emerge inside groups and deals with the negatives which can crawl up whenever. At the point when one thinks about the issue of employing people inside an association, it is of principal significance that these individuals know precisely what is normal out of them and whether are they prepared to turn into a piece of a group inside the association that they are getting enrolled inside. In the event that the response to such a question is in the negative, it would be better for the association to relinquish such an individual and depend all the more intensely on how well they work as their own space. In any case, there are numerous instances of people who might totally value working in a group, as long as it makes them think, feel and experience the elements of development and improvement inside the association that they are getting employed in, no matter how you look at it. Regarding enrollment, it is of central criticalness that the hopeful representative realizes well ahead of time that he would be required to focus on an assignment which is in a group, and thus group building areas would be expected of his expert self (Maddux and Wingfield, 2003). On the off chance that the hierarchical qualities are to such an extent that the representatives need to work as one with each other, at that point it is just normal that the hopeful contender for accomplishing business know in advance what is normal out of their domains and how they will approach finishing these undertakings and targets that will be allocated to them without a hitch. What remains... At the point when one thinks about the issue of employing people inside an association, it is of central significance that these individuals know precisely what is normal out of them and whether are they prepared to turn into a piece of a group inside the association that they are getting selected inside. On the off chance that the response to such an inquiry is in the negative, it would be better for the association to relinquish such an individual and depend all the more vigorously on how well they work as their own space. Nonetheless, there are numerous instances of people who might completely love working in a group, as long as it makes them think, feel and experience the elements of development and improvement inside the association that they are getting recruited in, no matter how you look at it. Regarding enrollment, it is of fundamental centrality that the hopeful worker realizes well ahead of time that he would be required to focus on an assignment which is in a group, and c onsequently group building spaces would be expected of his expert self. On the off chance that the authoritative qualities are to such an extent that the representatives need to work as one with each other, at that point it is just common that the hopeful contender for accomplishing business know heretofore what is normal out of their domains and how they will approach finishing these errands and goals that will be relegated to them decisively. What is not yet clear is the management’s position, and all the more so with the changing worldwide elements, the points of view have been adjusted no different.

Term Paper Tips and Tricks

Term Paper Tips and TricksWhether you are just beginning to research for a subject or perhaps you've already finished the research but would like to return to the term paper format, there are some tips and tricks to writing term papers that will help you to get a job done right. These tips and tricks can be used in whatever subject you choose to write about. Just remember that, no matter what the topic of your term paper is, you will want to get the term paper out there so that your professor and other instructors can see that you have taken the time to sit down and write.First, consider using a term paper online resource. This way, you can get all of the information you need from one place. You can access study guides, research tools, as well as interactive online activities to help you with your term paper writing. In addition, if you find a term paper writer who can offer you their service for free, that's a great bonus!Next, write up a report or research paper based on the resear ch you have done. This type of writing will work better than if you simply turn in an assignment and then write a paragraph about how much you love the chocolate candy you were given for Christmas as a present. On the other hand, doing this will prove that you took the time to actually do the research. One last thing, take the time to outline the details of the project. This will help you do a better job of explaining your conclusion to your professor.Another great tip to keep in mind when you are writing your term paper is to write down all of the necessary details first. This will make it easier for you to organize your thoughts and prepare a 'story' for the professor. While the facts are very important, the best tip is to use your research and expertise to come up with ideas and study materials. This will help you feel more confident that your subject matter will be of interest to your professor.Use a variety of different types of resources, when you are writing your term paper. You should try to gather as many different kinds of resources as possible for your term paper. This will make it easier for you to get ideas from different places.Finally, try to keep your term paper interesting. This is a critical part of being able to get your paper accepted by your professor. Being able to capture the attention of your professor is key to getting accepted for a good grade. By keeping your paper interesting, you will allow yourself to capture the professor's attention during the exam. This will then allow you to answer questions at a higher rate than if you were not interested in your assignment.When you are writing your term paper, try to include every possible tip and trick to get the job done right. This is crucial in keeping your assignment interesting. Plus, if you can put your subject matter in perspective in a way that will help you to better relate to your topic, that will be great too.Writing your term paper is a crucial step towards having a good grade. By taking the time to plan ahead and put together a nice term paper that you will be proud of, you will be able to pass your term papers with flying colors. Hopefully, you have learned some tips and tricks to help you with your term paper writing.

Movie Analysis The Acting Of Saving Private Ryan

The acting in Saving Private Ryan is phenomenal and it baffles me that none of the actors received any real recognition for their performance. The film’s casting is a brilliant array of actors ranging from personality actors, character and wild card, and one of Hollywood’s megastars. These actors bring their character to life almost to the point that you believe, they are actually playing themselves on the screen. One of the film’s best scenes is when the squad maneuvers on and takes out a German manned machinegun nest. While conducting the attack they lose yet another member of their team, the Medic. His death scene is absolutely heart breaking, especially the moment right before he passes as he calls out for his mother. What entails next is absolute chaos. You can actually see the despair and madness on the actors faces as they seek revenge on the only surviving German soldier. The actors deliver their performance so well you can feel what is happening. There i s not much dialogue in this scene bur rather this scene relies on the actors ability to play there part well enough for audiences to understand the inner conflicts of what is happening. The actors truly master this on the grandest scale. At the end of the scene when Edward Burns’ character, Private Reiben, tries to start a mutiny over the German captive you cannot decided whose side you want to be on. Luckily, the mutiny stops short of extreme escalation when CPT Miller finally discloses long kept secretShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis3103 Words   |  13 PagesFilm Analysis Holly Cox Adam Deutsch English 225: Introduction to Film August 30, 2010 Film Analysis There is so much more to analyzing films than watching a movie. Film analysis is a very complex procedure. â€Å"Analysis generally, means breaking up the whole to discover the nature, function, and interrelationships of the parts† (Boggs, J. Petrie, D., 2008, p. 7). 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Analysis Of The Sarnia Financial Market Best Financial

Critical Issues In order to (definition of success) Company X must address the following: In order to place Best Financial in a more favorable position in the Sarnia financial market Best Financial must address the following: †¢ How to (Solve problem/take advantage of opportunity) so that (consequence) - How to maintain higher client retention in order to secure a more committed clientele that do not seek a competitor’s service in the future. - How to persuade potential client’s that Best Financial Services meets their needs or else there will likely not be many new clients. - How to gain sufficient customer base to generate desired sales growth. Analysis ââ€"  How did we get here? Why are things the way they are? 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Work-Related Project Analysis Free Essays

Computer designing is a key effective of learning computers are a good educational design. The computer designing has related learning resources went it comes to guidelines. Computer designing guidelines which meet the learning for different types of groups and which are encourage to active and rich learning. We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Related Project Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The designing can effective the computer based of learning went it come to its environment. The computer has many branch of technology which has information that is security to the computers network. There are many objectives to the computer security that protects the information from any theft and natural disaster which allows information into the computer network. The computer technologies have become unwanted computer behavior and security strategies behavior. The computer technology which has security went it comes to logic. The security primary goals are the computer designing, applications programs with the type of security which most have restrictions to different types of program behaviors. The computer software has to be trusted and be able to security the software and be trustworthy for the database to run. There are some software’s that you cannot trust with a security computer systems software and hardware. Which different types of computer systems that can resulted in many possibility and use it very limited. Because ones approached with computer systems can always lead them to failure. Computer designing which often has hardware techniques are used to effective the security after they are design. The approach of the techniques and using the techniques security systems is having the effective of the design in the computer systems. The technique is to enforce the computer design principle and provide them with the function they need to attack and gain access to the program then need. Which breaking the computer systems up within smaller components can reduce individual components when using techniques that provide the software better access. With learning different types of knowledge and building strategies when it come to computer designing. The computer design should use and defense that way more than a subsystems needs the knowledge of information. The computer designing should become defense in the security which does not provide very many platforms in information. The computer security has many vulnerable that has few risk went it comes to computers and their connected to the network. With the computer network has the internet that computer security can expand gone it especially comes to the internet and using the network? The technical went it come to the computer security is that a represented by someone else has to get authentication or availability to use the network. In some computer system different types of areas can be confidentiality which mean very important file are there and you cannot be their unless you got the password to be there. There could be many confidentiality and privacy and secrecy files that company may not want other people to see. Computer designs to protect their information so hackers can get into personal information. With the computer security database and many other resources and all confidentiality so no one will have access to unauthorized party’s personal information. Many users want to have anything with the registering with the internet site because not very many users trust the internet because people taking their personal information and buying thing with their credit card and debit card. Many users want to feel safe went using the internet and protect their personal information and make sure that no one gets into their files. Some people will say that a person’s information is very important to them like an individual’s how like to collect things or someone wanting to find someone special. Many people don’t like the computer designing electronic format because you never really know if the information that you’re putting is going somewhere else and it already could be in the wrong hand to begin with. But there are many programs with the computer designing to where you can have a set password to where no one can access but you and the person you’re talking in person so that way no can get access to your personal information. There are many designing for computers which can be excellent to keep their servers and other computer protected and equipment which can improve their design on computer properly. The computer designing are responsibility is to making sure that all technology is confidence went it come to the projects. The computer out and input information can refer to communication went a machine or human error. Because the input information and signals which receives by the computer systems. The output which on the other hand can be data or an signal sent by the computer systems. Learning about computers in general encompasses a great deal of information. This information can relate to data input and output and how software and hardware play a specific role, but most can be derived when determining what components go into a computer. A few options exist for converting from a manual to a computer based. The lower end of computer automation would be the use of a general purpose software application package. One example would be Microsoft Office which is similar to the current package in place. This package includes word processing, spreadsheet, database management presentation graphics, and personal information management. The high end would be application specific programming. Computer information systems perform dynamic and significant roles. Whether the information for personal use, small business, or a conglomerate venue the execution and management of the computer information used must work effectively. Placing into operation an informational system allows for accuracy, convenience, and quality of input and output. Installing, maintaining, and upgrading hardware and software will ensure that the operational aspect of the system allows for an extensive radius of personnel and equipment necessities. Distinguishing the storage capabilities and speed of the computer system will further warrant the computers resilience and proficiencies. Data input must be accurate and reliable. Depending on the resource and outlet of the data also depends on the method used. People are living in the age of technology. Everything we do involves some sort of computer activity. Searching for jobs, going to school, communication, games, whatever a person desires they can use a computer to obtain it. Computers use several important components to operate. These components are input and output devices, and storage devices. An input device is a device that allows users to send data or interact with the computer. The most common input devices are keyboard, and mouse. However, in this age of technology other input devices can be game controllers, web and digital cameras, scanner, or a microphone. We use different input devices to conduct our daily lives. How to cite Work-Related Project Analysis, Essay examples Work-Related Project Analysis Free Essays Work-Related Project Analysis Part 1 The analysis of a project is the breakdown of how a system interacts and works within all related components. A project analysis is the first step to designing any new changes for an organization. Systems analysis is (1) the survey and planning of the system and project, (2) the study and analysis of the existing business and information system, and (3) the definition of business requirements and priorities for a new or improved system. We will write a custom essay sample on Work-Related Project Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now A popular synonym is logical design. Newton, 2013) An organization performs an analysis of an existing system to decide if changes will benefit the daily operations. The analysis performed must be accurate and reliable. Information Gathering There are many methods used to perform an analysis. The gathering of information is critical to implementing the right changes an organization may need. If the wrong information is gathered, the organization may waste time and money implementing a new system that either does not work or is useless to the operations of the organization. Organizations need to know the correct billing and coding functions are being used on a daily bases. They may choose several different ways to gather information to ensure the facility compensated is gaining the maximum benefits. Physicians frequently miss home health charges. The laws governing each state have requirements a physician must abide to bill time for plan over site. Physicians need ways to keep track of who is eligible for home health. The physician also needs to monitor how much time is involved during a 30-day period. Interviews Interviews are one of the most common means to gather information. It is beneficial to the analysis to gather this information directly from those individuals who will be utilizing the new system. The interviews need proper planning and focus on each area of specialty. The best questions to ask are open-ended questions. These inquiries force the participant to give more information than just yes or no answers. When interviewing participants analyst should ask questions that enable a complete picture of what stakeholders need to create a system that is useful and cost effective. Questionnaires Questionnaires are a great way to ask questions of stakeholders without a direct face-to-face encounter. Questionnaires create a more relaxed response from participants. This is a great method to use when you have a large organization and need to interview a large group of people. However, one drawback to this method is participants may write responses just to complete the form or not even give a response. Prototypes Prototyping is another method in the arsenal of gathering information. This method based on information gathered and the system created; based on criteria produces a preliminary version. You show this to the client, who then gives you additional requirements. You change the application and cycle around with the client again. This repetitive process continues until the product meets the critical mass of business needs or for an agreed number of iterations (Mochal, 2008). Use Cases Use cases are stories from the actors that describe how the system currently works and â€Å"†¦describe how the solution works from a user perspective† (Mochal, 2008). This method is helpful to analysts by giving a more useful understanding of what the new system needs to do. Using this method requires the analysts to refine the information into a format that shows specific details to outline the structure of requirements needed. Direct Observations Direct observations can be most helpful when the stakeholder does not know how to explain in detail what goes on during a typical daily routine. In some cases, it might be more beneficial to take a ‘hands on approach’ to gain a better understanding of what is required. This method shows how the current system is used and will hopefully light the way to implementing better use of resources. Brainstorming Brainstorming can be most helpful when the organization does not really know what areas need improvement or need a more creative way to perform a desired outcome. Experts in the use of the current system will get together with a project manager and together think of creative solutions to issues the organization is currently experiencing. After all the ideas from the session are, collected management decides what ideas would best provide a solution(s) to issues. Based on these decisions a project manager then creates a proposal. Design Methods Designing a new system takes time and an understanding of what goal the organization is trying to gain. Designing a new home health system to gather patient information, monitor certification and recertification periods, and keep track of plan over site is the goal. Every project manager has to explore all of the possibilities needs to secure the desired goal. Divergence is having an understanding of constraints an organization may face when trying to keep track of the patient load, certification periods, and plan over site. A prototype was implementing to put together a working system to gain a better understanding and create a better functioning system. Building a new system to keep track of areas of interest also need to be sustainable. New systems must be realistic to use and maintain. The sustainability of a new system needs to user friendly. Designing a home health system for the organization will present a visual understanding of what each state will allow a physician to bill for. Analyze and Evaluate The home health system implemented in the organization keeps track of patients that are new to service as well as those who come off service. A scheduled time allotment monitors home health certification 60-day period; plan over site 30-day cycle monitored and billed according to state regulations. Management is ultimately responsible for monitoring these reports. The initial analysis of the new home health system showed a recovery potential of lost money. According to state regulations, the 60-day and 30-day billing cycles utilized are affecting the organization’s bottom-line in a positive manner. The organization suffered a great loss of money before the new system implemented changes. Project managers use three types of monitoring. According to Thomet and Vozza (2010) They happen at different levels of the logical framework and serve different functions: 1) implementation monitoring is operational: it monitors the activities and outputs; 2) impact monitoring concentrates on the immediate objectives; 3) reporting concerns the concrete (narrative and financial) reports that have to be prepared and submitted periodi ¬cally to the main stakeholders, particularly donors. Project manager will ensure the organization’s personnel trained in using the new system are comfortable with the new system. The new system produces a report reminding the billing and coding staff when certain patients are eligible for billing. Conclusion Organizations all over the world work hard to streamline the daily operations. These daily functions affect the bottom line. When an organization is evaluating the internal functions, an analysis helps determine areas that may need adjustments and in some cases a completely new system to meet the organizations goals. This is where an analyst is most useful. An organization performs an analysis of the existing system to determine if changes will benefit daily operations. The analysis performed must be accurate and reliable. The analyst may utilize many different methodologies when gathering the necessary information in order to make the right recommendation. The analysis may contain personal face-to-face interviews, questionnaires, prototypes, use cases, direct observations, brainstorming, or any combination of methodologies. The actual design of an effective new system takes time and understanding. The analyst needs a clear understanding of the organization’s ultimate goal. The final system implementation requires management to sustain monitoring and maintenance. Training the proper personnel is vital to the success of any new system. Management is responsible for monitoring system functions, the impact of the new system on daily activities and reporting any concerns to stakeholders. The new home health system implemented has allowed the organization to recover money that would otherwise be lost. The new system also allows managers to monitor and maintain accurate reliable billing and coding of certification and recertification of patients using home health services. Plan over site also billed with the same accuracy and reliability has recovered and maintained money for the organization. Reference Mochal, T. (2008). 10 techniques for gathering requirements. TechRepublic. http://www. techrepublic. com/blog/10things Newton. (2013). Systems analysis. http://newton. uor. edu/courses/sysanades/pdf/ anaintro. pdf Thomet, N. , Vozza, A. (2010). Project Design Manual: A Step-by-Step Tool to Support The Development of Cooperatives and Other Forms of Self-Help Organization http://www. ilo. org/public/english/employment/ent/coop/africa/download/coopafricaprojectdesignmanual. pdf. ISBN 978-92-2-124168-3 (web pdf) p 76, 4. 1 How to cite Work-Related Project Analysis, Essay examples

International Arbitrage and Interest Rate Parity free essay sample

There are three forms of international arbitrage: location arbitrage, triangular arbitrage and covered interest arbitrage. Location arbitrage is a process where a participant of the foreign exchange can go to one place, bank in a specified location, to purchase a currency at a lower price and then sell it to another location where the currency is priced higher. The prices of currencies are roughly the same; however, at times currency in one place can sell for more or less than in another place based on the supply and demand for the specified currency. This is the window of opportunity where arbitragers can immediately purchase the currency in one place and sell it to another before market forces naturally realign the prices. The act of location arbitrage is a way to readjust prices so that they are once again equal in all places. However, due to the advancement in technology within the exchange market, it is very difficult to use this process since computers are able to detect currency discrepancies. We will write a custom essay sample on International Arbitrage and Interest Rate Parity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Triangular arbitrage is used by the discrepancy of prices within cross exchange rates which is the relationship between two currencies that are different from one’s base currency. If the cross exchange rate is less than the actual cross exchange rate of two currencies of the base currency, triangular arbitrage can be used in the spot market to capitalize on the difference. The greater the bid/ask spread the higher the profit from using triangular arbitrage. The impact of triangular is as follows: (1) When a participant uses their base currency to buy one currency, the bank, of which the currency is bought, increases its ask price of the currency with respect to the base currency, (2) the participant then goes to purchase the other currency with the bought currency which causes the bank, of which the currency is bought, to reduce its bid price of the initial currency bought with respect to the second currency bought and ultimately reduces the number of the second currency to be exchanged for the initial currency, and (3) finally, the participant uses the second currency bought to ult to conduct ecause it is rare to identify arbitrage opportunities due to the technological advancements in the foreign exchange market. Covered interest arbitrage is the process of capitalizing of the difference of interest rates between two countries while hedging the exchange rate risk with a forward contract. How this works is that one will invest a specif ied amount of money in a different country bank by converting one’s base currency to the other currency. At that same time, one can sell a forward of the amount of the exchanged currency plus the interest of the foreign bank. Once the deposit matures, one can fulfill the forward contract obligation by converting the amount of the forward into the base currency. This process will reveal a profit only if the foreign bank has a higher interest rate than one’s home bank or else, this would all be a waste of time and effort. What is different about this process as oppose to location arbitrage and triangular arbitrage is that this process requires funds to be held for the length of the contract. The other two forms of arbitrage do not require funds to be held and profits are immediately achieved. Covered interest arbitrage will, as the other forms do, cause the market to naturally realign itself. Investors capitalizing on this process will cause a downward pressure on forwards that are sold as a means of this form of arbitrage. The realignment of the forward rate might not be completed until several transactions have occurred. However, the realignment does not cause investors who have gained from arbitrage to loss their gains since they had obtained a forward contract on the day they made their investment. The act to sell the other currency forward would place a downward pressure on the currency but not enough to lessen or completely offset the benefits of the interest rate advantage. In the process of covered interest arbitrage only the forward rate is affected. It is possible for the spot rate to appreciate but the forward rate would not have to decline by as much. Overall, since the forward market is less liquid, the forward rate is more sensitive to market changes and there is likely to experience most or all of the adjustments need to realign the market. Once there are no opportunities of arbitrage because the prices of currencies have adjusted to where they should be based on the market, there is an equilibrium state referred to as interest rate parity (IRP). In equilibrium, the forward rate differs from the spot rate by a large amount to offset the interest rate difference between the two countries. The relationship between a forward premium for a foreign currency and the interest rates representing these currencies according to IRP can be determined by the following variables: Ah : The amount of the home currency that is initially invested S : The spot rate in the home currency when the foreign currency is purchased if : The interest rate on the foreign deposit F : The forward rate in the home currency at which the foreign currency will be converted back the home currency. The amount of home currency received at the end of the deposit period due to this strategy (An ) is An = (Ah / S)(1+ if) F This is how the rate of return (R) is calculated from this investment:

Scot-free

Scot-free Scot-free Scot-free By Maeve Maddox â€Å"To escape scot-free† means to elude merited consequences: [Construction] Site Deaths Soaring as Bosses Escape Scot Free No escape: independent directors won’t go scot free Now all the doctors at Mid Staffs escape scot-free over deaths. In the Middle Ages a scot was a tax or tribute paid by a feudal tenant to his lord. The word derives from a Scandanavian word meaning tribute. It came to stand for different kinds of payments levied for services. In Kent and Sussex, the scot was a tax for the maintenance of drainage systems and flood prevention. In some contexts the scot was simply the bill owed for drinks or entertainment. Explanations of the expression scot-free may be found on numerous web sites. Most of the sites I’ve browsed correctly trace the term to the word for a tax, but a few cling to a mistaken idea that the expression has something to do with the 1857 US Supreme Court ruling known as the â€Å"Dred Scott Decision.† For example, this confident explanation: Its spelt scott-free and refers to a famous US Supreme Court decision involving the black slave Dred Scott. Ironically Scott lost his suit, though you wouldnt know it from the well-known phrase. The misspelling scott occurs both as an error and as a play on the name of someone named Scott. For example: Lincoln’s Assassin Got Away Scott Free (misspelled headline at YouTube) American Idol recap: Getting off Scott-free (The reference is to a contestant named Scott MacIntyre.) The lingering association of scot-free with Dred Scott is probably owing to vague recollections of high school history: a man named Scott wanted to be free. To refresh your memory, here’s a recap of what the Dred Scott Decision was about: In 1846, Dred Scott, then 47 years old, sued the Missouri state government on behalf of his wife, two daughters, and himself; the suit contended that they were being illegally held in slavery. Scott was born into slavery in Alabama. When he was about 30, he was sold to an Army doctor in Missouri. During the following years, Scott married, fathered two daughters, and lived at different times in the free states of Illinois and Wisconsin. Scott’s lawsuit contended that residence in a free state conferred freedom. The case went all the way to the Supreme Court where, in 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the majority opinion: the Scotts were property and property rights were protected by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution. Although Dred Scott lost his case, he did not die in slavery. His owner’s widow married an abolitionist who returned the family to Scott’s original owner. The former slave owner had since moved to Missouri and become an abolitionist; he freed Scott, his wife, and their two daughters. Dred Scott died of tuberculosis after enjoying only seventeen months of freedom. His wife Harriet survived him by eighteen years. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Synonyms for â€Å"Leader†Probable vs. PossibleContinue and "Continue on"

The Simple 10-Step Guide to Character Development

The Simple 10-Step Guide to Character Development The Ultimate Guide to Character Development: 10 Steps to Creating Memorable Heroes You’ve settled on the idea for your novel. You’ve narrowed it to a sentence or two, and you’re ready to tackle what seems an insurmountable task- breathing life into your lead character. If you’re an Outliner (one who outlines your novel first), it’s time for character development, an endeavor not for wimps. Spellbinding stories feature believable characters who feel knowable. Yes, even if your genre is Fantasy or Allegory or Futuristic. Your character may even be a superhero, but he* must be real and knowable within your premise. [*I use male pronouns inclusively here to represent both genders only to avoid the awkward repetition of he/she or him/her, fully recognizing that many lead characters are female and so are a majority of readers.] I’d love to impart some gem that would magically make you an expert at character development. But, sorry, no shortcuts. This is as hard as it sounds. Fail at this task, and it shows. You cheat your readers when your lead character doesn’t develop and grow. No growth, no character arc. No character arc, fewer satisfied readers. What About Us Pantsers? Our name comes from the fact that we write by the seat of our pants. No outlines for us. We write by process of discovery. As Stephen King advises, â€Å"Put interesting characters in difficult situations and write to find out what happens.† I identify as a Pantser, so I’m sympathetic if you can’t imagine creating a character and giving him a personal history before starting to write. My characters introduce themselves to me and reveal their histories as the story unfolds. To a new writer or an Outliner, it may sound exciting and dangerous to wade into a story counting on characters to emerge and take over. Believe me, it’s both. Frankly, Outliners have some advantages over Pantsers here. They know a lot about their lead characters before they start writing. Fellow Pantsers, don’t ignore or discount this training. We must start with some idea who’s populating our stories. And when we get stuck, there’s no shame in going back and engaging in this exercise. Regardless which kind of a writer you are, character development- character arc- can make or break your novel. Consider some of literature’s most memorable characters- Jane Eyre, Scarlett O’Hara, Atticus Finch, Ebenezer Scrooge, Huckleberry Finn, Katniss Everdeen, Harry Potter. Can you name the novels they come from and what they have in common? Larger than life, they’re also universally humanThey see courage not as lack of fear but rather the ability to act in the face of fearThey learn from failure and rise to great moral victories Compelling characters like these make the difference between a memorable novel and a forgettable one. So, what are the keys to making a character unforgettable? Want to save this 10-step guide to read, save, or print whenever you wish? Click here. Character Development in 10 Steps Introduce him early, by nameGive readers a look at himGive him a backstoryMake sure hes human, vulnerable, and flawedBut also give him classic, heroic qualitiesEmphasize his inner life as well as his surface problemsDraw upon your own experience in Character DevelopmentKeep Character Arc in mind throughoutShow, dont tellDont skimp on research Step 1. Introduce him early, by name The biggest mistake new writers make is introducing their main character too late. As a rule he should be the first person on stage and the reader should be able to associate his name with how they see him. Naming your character can be almost as stressful as naming a newborn. You want something interesting and memorable, but not quirky or outrageous. Leave Blaze Starr and Goodnight Robicheaux to the melodramas. (Actually, I wish I’d thought of Goodnight Robicheaux; Ethan Hawke plays him in The Magnificent Seven.) Allegories call for telling names like Prudence and Truth and Pride, but modern ones should be more subtle. I wrote a Christmas parable where the main character was Tom Douten (get it? Doubting Thomas), and his fiancee was Noella (Christmasy, a believer in Santa) Wright (Miss Right). For standard novels, typical names are forgettable. Ethnicity is important. You shouldn’t have a Greek named Bubba Jackson. Your goal is to connect reader and character, so the name should reflect his heritage and perhaps even hint at his personality. In The Green Mile, Stephen King named a weak, cowardly character Percy Wetmore. Naturally, we treat heroes with more respect. Give naming the time it needs. Search online for baby names of both sexes, and most lists will categorize these by ethnicity. Be sure the name is historically and geographically accurate. You wouldn’t have characters named Jaxon and Brandi, for instance, in a story set in Elizabethan England. I often refer to World Almanacs to find names for foreign characters. I’ll pair the first name of a current government leader in that country with the last name of one of their historical figures (but not one so famous that the reader wonders if he’s related, like Franà §ois Bonaparte). Step 2. Give readers a look at him You want a clear picture of your character in your mind’s eye, but don’t make the mistake of forcing your reader to see him exactly the way you do. Sure, height, hair and eye color, and physicality (athletic or not) are important. But does it really matter whether your reader visualizes your blonde heroine as Gwyneth Paltrow or Charlize Theron? Or your dark-haired hero as George Clooney or Ben Affleck? As I teach regarding descriptions of the sky and the weather and settings, it’s important that your description of your main character is not rendered as a separate element. Rather, layer in what he looks like through dialogue and during the action. Hint at just enough to trigger the theater of the reader’s mind so he forms his own mental image. Thousands of readers might have thousands of slightly varied images of the character, which is all right, provided you’ve given him enough information to know whether your hero is big or small, attractive or not, and athletic or not. Whether you’re an Outliner (in essence interviewing your character as if he were sitting right in front of you) or a Pantser (getting to know him as he reveals himself to you), the more you know about him, the better you will tell your story. How old is he?What is his nationality?Does he have scars? Piercings? Tattoos? Physical imperfections? Deformities?What does his voice sound like? Does he have an accent? Readers often have trouble differentiating one character from another, so if you can give him a tag, in the form of a unique gesture or mannerism, that helps set him apart. You won’t come close to using all of the information you know about him, but the more you know, the more plot ideas will occur to you. The better acquainted you are with your character, the better your readers will come to know him and care. Step 3. Give him a backstory Backstory is everything that’s happened before Chapter 1. Dig deep. What has shaped your character into the person he is today? Things you should know, whether you include them in your novel or not: When, where, and to whom he was bornBrothers and sisters, their names and agesWhere he attended high school, college, and graduate schoolPolitical affiliationOccupationIncomeGoalsSkills and talentsSpiritual lifeFriendsBest friendWhether he’s single, dating, or marriedWorldviewPersonality typeAnger triggersJoys, pleasuresFearAnd anything else relevant to your story Step 4. Make sure he’s human, vulnerable, and flawed Want to save this 10-step guide to read, save, or print whenever you wish? Click here. Even superheroes have flaws and weaknesses. For Superman, there’s Kryptonite. For swashbucklers like Indiana Jones, there are snakes. A lead character without human qualities is impossible to identify with. But make sure his flaws aren’t deal breakers. They should be forgivable, understandable, identifiable. Be careful not to make your hero irredeemable – for instance, a wimp, a scaredy cat, a slob, a dunce, or a doofus (like a cop who forgets his gun or his ammunition). You want a character with whom your reader can relate, and to do that, he needs to be vulnerable. Create events that subtly exhibit strength of character and spirit. For example, does your character show respect to a waitress and recognize her by name? Would he treat a cashier the same way he treats his broker? If he’s running late, but witnesses an emergency, does he stop and help? These are called pet-the-dog moments, where an otherwise bigger-than-life personality does something out of character- something that might be considered beneath him. Readers remember such poignant episodes, and they make the key moments even more dramatic. It was George Bailey’s sacrificing his travel-the-world dreams to take over the lowly savings and loan that made his standing up to the villainous Mr. Potter so heroic in the classic movie It’s a Wonderful Life. Want to turn your Jimmy Stewart into a George Bailey? Make him real. Give him a pet-the-dog moment. Step 5. But also give him classic, heroic qualities While striving to make your main character real and human, be sure to also make him heroic or implant within him at least the potential to be heroic. In the end, after he has learned all the lessons he needs to from his failures to get out of the terrible trouble you plunged him into, he must rise to the occasion and score a great moral victory. He can have a weakness for chocolates or a fear of snakes, but he must show up and face the music when the time comes. A well-developed character should be extraordinary, but relatable. Never allow your protagonist to be the victim. It is certainly okay to allow him to face obstacles and challenges, but never portray him as a wimp or a coward. Give your character qualities that captivate and compel the reader to continue. For example: a character with a humble upbringing (an underdog) rises to the occasion a character with a hidden strength or ability subtly reveals it early in the story and later uses it in an unusual or extraordinary way Make him heroic, and you’ll make him unforgettable. Step 6. Emphasize his inner life as well as his surface problems What physically happens in the novel is one thing. Your hero needs trouble, a problem, a quest, a challenge, something that drives the story. But just as important is your character’s primary internal conflict. This will determine his inner dialogue. Growing internally will usually contribute more to your Character Arc than the surface story. Ask yourself: What keeps him awake at night?What is his blind spot?What are his secrets?What embarrasses him?What passion drives him?   Mix and match details from people you know – and yourself – to create both the inner and outer person. When he faces a life or death situation, you’ll know how he should respond. Step 7. Draw upon your own experience in Character Development The fun of being a novelist is getting to embody the characters we write about. I can be a young girl, an old man, a boy, a father, a grandmother, another race, a villain, of a different political or spiritual persuasion, etc. The list goes on and the possibilities are endless. The best way to develop a character is to, in essence, become that character. Imagine yourself in every situation he finds himself, facing every dilemma, answering every question- how would you react if you were your character? If your character finds himself in mortal danger, imagine yourself in that predicament. Maybe you’ve never experienced such a thing, but you can conjure it in your mind. Think back to the last time you felt in danger, multiply that by a thousand, and become your character. What ran through your mind when you believed you were home alone and heard footsteps across the floor above? Have you had a child suddenly go missing in a busy store? Have you ever had to muster the courage to finally speak your mind and set somebody straight? There’s nothing like personal experience to help you develop characters. Step 8. Keep Character Arc in mind throughout Whatever message you’re trying to convey through your story, it must result in a transformation in the life of your character. A well-written novel that follows a Classic Story Structure plunges its main character into terrible trouble quickly, turns up the heat, and fosters change and growth in the character from the beginning. That’s the very definition of Character Arc. Remember, as I covered above, a perfect character isn’t relatable or believable. But every reader can relate to a flawed character who faces obstacles that force him to change. How does your character respond to challenges? Does he learn from them or face the same obstacle repeatedly because he fails to recognize his mistakes? Every scene should somehow contribute your to hero’s Character Arc. Step 9. Show, don’t tell You’ve heard this one before, and you’ll hear it again. If there’s one Cardinal Rule of fiction, this is it. It also applies to character development. Give your readers credit by trusting them to deduce character qualities by what they see in your scenes and hear in your dialogue. If you have to tell about your character in narrative summary, you’ve failed your reader. Your reader has a mind, an imagination. Using it is part of the joy of reading. As the life of your character unfolds, show who your character is through what he says, his body language, his thoughts, and what he does. Would rather be told: Fritz was one of those friendly, gregarious types who treated everyone the same, from the powerful to the lowly. Or be shown this: â€Å"How’s that grandson doing, Marci?† Fritz asked the elevator operator. â€Å"James, right?† â€Å"Jimmy’s doin’ great, thanks. Came home from the hospital yesterday.† â€Å"Vacation was the tonic, Bud,† Fritz told the doorman. â€Å"You’re tanned as a movie star.† As he settled into the backseat of the car, Fritz said, â€Å"Tell me your name and how long you’ve been driving Uber†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Show and you won’t have to tell. For more on this, see my blog post:Showing vs. Telling: What You Need to Know. Step 10. Don’t skimp on research Resist the temptation to write about something you haven’t experienced before conducting thorough research. Imagination can take you only so far. But you can bet the first time you guess at something, astute readers will call you on it. For instance, I can imagine myself as a woman. I had a mother, I have a wife, I have daughters-in-law and granddaughters, a female assistant, women colleagues. So I can guess at their feelings and emotions, but I’ll always be handicapped by the simple fact that I’m not a woman. I recently ran into an old friend who told me she was homeless. I mentioned to some women friends that I doubted her because she looked put together, as if she’d been to the beauty shop. I said, â€Å"If you were living in your car, would you spend money on getting your hair and nails done?† Naturally that’s the last thing a man would think about. But women in my orbit said, sure, they could see it. Camouflaging your predicament and maintaining a modicum of self-respect would be worth skipping a few meals. Say you’re writing about what you’d feel if you lost a child. I hope you would only be guessing about such a horror, but to write about it with credibility takes thorough research. You’d have to interview someone who has endured such a tragedy and has had the time to be able to talk about it. Is your character a teacher? A police officer? A CEO? Or the member of another profession with which you have no personal experience? Spend time in a classroom, interview a teacher, arrange a ride-along with a cop, interview a CEO. Don’t base your hero on images from movies and TV shows. The last thing you want is a stereotype readers cannot identify with and whom some would see through instantly. You’ll find that most people love talking about their lives and professions. The #1 Mistake Writers Make When Developing Characters Making a hero perfect. What reader can identify with perfect? Potentially heroic, yes. Honorable, sure. With a bent toward doing the right thing, yes! But perfect, no. In the end your hero will likely rise to the occasion and win against all odds. But he has to grow into that from a stance of reality, humanity. Render a lead character your reader can identify with, and in your ending he’ll see himself with the same potential. That way your Character Arc becomes also a Reader Arc. You can do this. Develop a character who feels real, and he could become unforgettable. Want to save this 10-step guide to read, save, or print whenever you wish? Click here. Questions about character development? Ask me in the comments below.

Paintings by Georges-Pierre Seurat and Vincent Van Gogh Essay - 1

Paintings by Georges-Pierre Seurat and Vincent Van Gogh - Essay Example The essay "Paintings by Georges-Pierre Seurat and Vincent Van Gogh" analyzes The Starry Night’s intricate details while comparing it to the ‘Grandcamp, Evening’ painting by Georges-Pierre Seurat. Looking at the ‘The Starry Night’, one gets a feel of boldness in the painting. There is the use of dark shades of color to bring out a general feel of the painting. There is also the use of lines of different shapes and lengths. The clouds seem to be in motion as they are drawn in a continuous circular motion, while the stars and moon have unusual light around them. The focal point is a flame resemblance of a cypress tree that is a contrast from the village below. Vincent drew this piece while in bad mental shape and was in an asylum at the time. Some critics say that the scenery from his window could have afforded him the general idea with the rest of the features borrowed from memory. This is especially true with the illustration of the church spike that i ndicates Netherlands as his home land. There has been analysis of this painting showing that all the objects in the picture stand for various meanings. This is an iconography of Vincent’s world at the time. On the other hand, George’s work of art in ‘Grandcamp, Evening seems to give a different atmosphere. Here, the painter has incorporated various hues of color to create a sense of calm and isolation. The landscape in the background has been developed by the use of short strokes of lines to indicate a town in the far horizon, a grim sky.

The Black Box Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Black Box - Essay Example The symbols she uses indirectly communicate the major theme of the work, in addition to the seemingly innocuous dialogue of the seemingly innocuous lottery happening in the town. One of the more potent symbols Jackson uses throughout her story is the black box, and, more generally, just the color black. Black, as it is traditionally interpreted, stands for death, decay, ignorance, and decline. The black box, of course, holds the lottery slips. While a similar ballot box would receive slips from voters in an election, this box only gives out slips, showing the lack of individual choice and freedom in this ritual. The blackness of the box gives off an ominous foreshadowing of events, and is itself a symbolic description of how the townspeople have sacrifice their individual wills to the social decree., as Jackson writes, â€Å"The black box grew shabbier each year: by now it was no longer completely black but splintered badly along one side to show the original wood color, and in some places faded or stained†. The keen reader recognizes that the box’s decay indicates not only the physical corrosion of the box but of the social and moral corrosion of what it represents: the lottery. As the process accelerates during the course of â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson writes that the townspeople stay as far away from the box as possible. Once again, this description is clearly relating to physical distance; but it may also refer to the concept of responsibility, and the moral qualms people have about participating in the lottery. The townspeople avoid the black box as if it were some kind of evil spirit, and because of this endow the box with such great power. Jackson writes, â€Å"The villagers kept their distance, leaving a space between themselves and the stool†¦Ã¢â‚¬  What otherwise would be just some old dilapidated box is, as a result of the social order and status quo, is an

Puritan effect on Literature Essay -- essays research papers

Literature has always revealed a great deal about the attitudes and beliefs of different cultures. Puritan authors in the late 17th and early 18th centuries wrote poems, persuasive speeches, stories, and first hand accounts that reveal their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs. Described especially was the Puritan’s deep regard for religion and their fear and love of God. William Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation was written in 1630 as a description of Bradford’s experiences in the New World. The main purpose of his account was to persuade those who remained in England to come to America. He described in detail the benefits of religious freedom. Religion played an extremely important role in the lives of early Puritans. Bradford described how God helps the Pilgrims make their way safely across the perilous waters to safety. He wrote: â€Å"†¦they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean†¦again to set their feet on the firm and stable earth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bradford was appealing to the high interest in God’s divine intervention amongst the people. Bradford also described in his documentation the sickness and famine faced by the people and the communal effort to help the suffering. Bradford said: â€Å"†¦in the time of most distress, there was but six or seven sound persons who to their great commendations, be it spoke, spared no pains night or day, but with abundance of toil and hazard of their own health, fetched them wood, made them fire...

Asceticism in Hasidic Thought as a response to the Sabbatean

Moodiness and the Hashish thinkers agreed to the concept of prohibiting a culture of unbridled licentiousness, reasoning that a life of excessive indulgence in the physical pleasures would not only serve to significantly detract from man's physical productiveness but would also derogate his spiritual qualities, adversely affecting his ability to understand and properly worship his God. Therefore, both placed considerable constraints on man's sexual life, ordinances extending far beyond the strict rabbinic decrees governing martial relations.Only with these guidelines in place did both Moodiness and the Hashish thinkers feel hat man could achieve the proper level of devotion to God and his Torah in the physical world, despite the seemingly ubiquitous pleasures of the flesh. However, while both Moodiness and the Hashish thinkers offer different principles for differing levels of religiosity, they do not follow the same guidelines for determining the requisite levels of devotion to God. Appropriately, both Moodiness and the Hashish thinkers divide their restrictions, positing two distinct levels of prescribed action: one for a higher spiritual man and another for a lower spiritual man. It appears that the level promulgated by Moodiness for his higher spiritual man is in practice parallel to that of the Hashish lower spiritual man. Thus, while both agree in principle to the utilization of ascetic means in an effort to increase one's religiosity, they diverge as to where the proper level of asceticism should be for their higher and lower spiritual men.What is to account for this difference in thought? I would like to posit that this change in thought came about, in part, due to the licentious sins of the Sabina movement and its inheritors. The ascetic lifestyle advocated by several Hashish leaders and thinkers, cumulating with Rabbi McCann of Burbles, may be viewed as a reactionary response to Sebastian movements, particularly Franking, and their well-known sexual mi sconduct. Moodiness Approach to Asceticism Moodiness presents a dual approach to asceticism's interaction with spiritual man's physical life.In his philosophical corpus More Invective, Moodiness writes: One should detach his thought from, and abolish his desire for bestial things†¦ The pleasures of eating, drinking, sexual intercourse and in general of the sense of touch†¦ We have it so far as we are animals like other beasts, and nothing that belongs o the notion of humanity pertains to it. 2 Further on in the More Invective he adds: (Eating, drinking, and copulation) should be reduced to the extent possible: one should do them in secret, should feel sorrowful because one does them†¦A man should be in control of all these impulses, (and) restrict his efforts in relation to them. 3 Here Moodiness describes a paradigm for the ascetic lifestyle. He endorses a pleasure-free existence, advocating for not only â€Å"control† and â€Å"restriction,† but for â €Å"sorrow' as well. Further, he stresses the inhumanity present within the annalistic shires of man, something which man should â€Å"detach his thought from, and abolish his desire for. † Yet, in his legal code Mishmash Torah, Moodiness adopts an entirely different perspective regarding man's involvement with and enjoyment of the physical pleasures.There he states: Possibly a person may say: Since envy, cupids, and ambition are evil qualities to cultivate and lead to a man's ruin, I will avoid them to the uttermost and seek their contraries. † A person following this principle, will not eat meat, or drink wine, or marry, or dwell in a descant home, or wear comely apparel, but will clothe himself in sackcloth and coarse wool like the idolaters priests. This too, is the wrong way, not to be followed†¦ Such have the sages said, â€Å"Do not the prohibitions of the Torah suffice you that you add other for yourself? And concerning this and similar excess Solomon exh orts us, â€Å"Be not over-righteous, nor excessively wise. Wherefore should you be desolate? 4 The passage from the Mishmash Torah contradicts the previously presented thoughts found in the More Invective. Moodiness writes not only about how one should participate in worldly pleasures, but also that whoever refrains from doing so is mimed a sinner. This suggests that an ideal exists to engage in the physical actions of the world, something which is reflected, no doubt, in the various Halation which demand pleasurable physical activity. Such an idea contrasts sharply with Moodiness's statement in the More Invective that man should feel â€Å"sorrowful† and perform the physical actions of eating and cohabitation â€Å"in secret. † In the next section of Mishmash Torah, Moodiness continues with this formulation, explaining exactly what one should sense when engaged in the physical activities of life: Man would direct his heart and all his actions only for the aim of kno wing God, and his sitting, arising, and speaking should all be considered in that light†¦When he eats, drinks, and cohabits, he should not intend to do these things only for the sake of pleasure, to the extent that he eats and drinks only that which is sweet to the taste, or engages in sex for the purpose of pleasure. Rather, he should eat and drink only for the purpose of making his body and limbs healthy†¦ He should not engage in intercourse when he desires it, but only when he knows that he must for reasons of lath emit seed, or for the purpose of propagation. 6 â€Å"Man,† Moodiness says, â€Å"Must direct his heart and all his actions only for the aim of knowing God. Thus, according to Moodiness, when man has both the proper intentions as well as the bodily need, there exists no reason to abstain from the physical activities. In fact, it seems that engagement in such acts, when done within the proper religious context, serve to enhance and increase one's relig iosity. Further, in the next section, Moodiness elevates this idea of physical permissibility, suggesting that man's actions, when fused with the proper intentions, re not only acceptable but even inherently good, as they are intrinsically forms of divine service.Here he states: Whoever throughout his life follows this course of will be continually serving God, even while engaged in business and even during cohabitation, because his purpose in all that he does will be to satisfy his needs so as to have a sound body with which to serve God. Even when he sleeps and seeks repose, to calm his mind and rest his body, so as not to fall sick and be incapacitated from serving God, his sleep is service of the Almighty.In this sense our sages charges s, â€Å"Let all your deeds be for the sake of God† And Solomon in his wisdom, said, â€Å"In all your ways know him†¦ â€Å"7 The statement â€Å"Even when he sleeps†¦ His sleep is service of the Almighty' stands in sharp con trast to the lowly position of religious value assigned to man's physical needs by Moodiness in his More Invective. In this section, not only are man's physical actions warranted and accepted as both natural and seemingly neutral facts of life, but rather they are also imbued with positive religious status.Man's actions, when practiced with the proper intentions and requisite control, serve not only as ids to one's strive for spiritual perfection, but even as genuine forms of serving God in and of themselves. For what reason does such a discrepancy between the thoughts of Moodiness in More Invective and Mishmash Torah exist? 8 Perhaps, the answer lies in the fundamental difference between More Invective and Mishmash Torah. Mishmash Torah was written for everyone; the intended audience includes both scholar and layman, and Moodiness therefore approached the topic of sexuality from the layman's perspective.To be sure, Moodiness did not warrant limitless sexual activity to any degree, yet he did grant man the right to sexual activity when an both desired it (I. E. Bodily needs) and his intentions were properly rooted in the service of God. In More Invective however, Moodiness's intended audience was of an entirely different nature. More Invective was written for the spiritually elite,9 the ones who engrossed themselves in the study of philosophy, what Moodiness himself termed â€Å"the zenith of all Torah study. 10 For these students of philosophy the level of asceticism presented in Mishmash Torah does not suffice. Indeed, they are held to a higher level of religious observance and hence must maintain a holier epistyle, one which includes more stringent ascetic practices than those required of the masses. Sebastian and Frankest Anti-Ascetic Practices Before discussing the particulars of the Sebastian and Frankest sexual practices, it is important to note that there are a number of corollaries between Sebastian and Hashish's.I would argue that these similarities were a factor in pushing the Hashish thinkers towards a more ascetic approach. To begin, both movements are ones of renewal while concurrently claiming to be movements of restoration. While undoubtedly new religious sects, each claim that they're teachings emanate for rotational Judaism. Second, Sabbaticals texts, which had not been central religious sources up to this era, take on a pivotal role in each movement. Third, both movements emerge not from the religious or intellectual elite, but rather from the plebian classes.This results in attitudes of skepticism and even contempt from the rabbinic authorities. Fourth, as popular movements, they are each shrouded in mystery, with neither program not platform in their nascent stages. Fifth, both movements share a doctrinal characteristic in their need for and reverence of a communal leader. This leader, a Attack for Hashish and Shabbiest Seven for the Sebastian (and later Jacob Frank and Eva Frank for the Franklins), is a key aspect in each movements thought, without whom the movement would collapse.Lastly, the two movements, particularly Franking and Hashish's, share geographic-temporal similarities, with the action centering on the area of Podia, Ukraine in the mid- eighteenth century. 11 Claims of sexual libertarianism and anti-ascetic behavior against Shabbiest Seven are well known. Surgeons Schools, in his magna opus on the Sebastian movement, describes Shabbiness strange, paradoxical ascetic behavior saying: When he became master over a large number of enthusiastic followers he loud indulge his fondness of alternating semiotic and semantic rituals†¦ E can easily imagine him clad in phylacteries, singing psalms and surrounded by women and wine. The picture fits the twilight atmosphere of Subtask's erotic mysticism. â€Å"12 Choler's depiction of Shabbiest leaves us with a clear image of a cult-leader, whose frequently vacillating whims and fancies were indulged at will. Indeed, Shabbiest is known to have been â€Å"a lewd person,†13 and several accounts speak of him confiscating betrothed and virgin women for short periods of time in what were allegedly platonic arrangements. When it comes to the Frankest movement, the claims of immorality grow ten-fold, making Shabbiest look like a celibate. Egregious sexual behavior was the norm, with instances of incest and other licentious acts commonplace. As described by Dad Rapport-Albert: There is evidence to suggest that the discipline of sexual abstinence was broken intermittently by orgiastic ceremonies conducted at precisely those times?the holiest days on the Jewish calendar?at which the Sebastian had traditionally engaged in antinomian activity.Ruches Frank, for example, is said to have summoned to his private chamber three nouns women whom he forced to carry out â€Å"shameful acts,† â€Å"abominations† and â€Å"wherefrom and other forbidden acts† on the Day of Atonement of 1800, and Jacob Frank himse lf was reported early in his career to have presided over a secret ceremony at which all the â€Å"brothers† and â€Å"sisters† were to Join him and his wife in a darkened room where partners were exchanged in a collective sex-act.The coexistence of sexual abstinence and profligate rites of illicit sexuality, which is by no means unusual in the history of sectarian religion, was a characteristic feature of Sebastian from the start†¦ 5 The Frankest approach to unbridled sexual ecstasy, whose rationale was based upon Sabbaticals scatological teachings of removing the yoke of Halvah in preparation for the redemption, found itself in these acts of extreme sexual perversion.Indeed, as Pale Emaciate describes, the Frankest truly believed that these acts were correct and sanctioned by God: Samuel of Buss states that â€Å"it is permissible to have children and to have sexual intercourse with someone else's wife or one's own sister, or even?though only in secret?with one 's own mother†¦ ‘ had carnal relations with the wife of my son†¦ And I believe that all this is permitted because God commanded us to do thus. Other testimonies described the breaking of the prohibition of incest, having sexual relations with menstruating women, masturbation (also in public) as well as the practice of sexual hospitality whereby a host offered his wife or daughter to a stranger coming as a guest to his house†¦ The women interrogated by the Station belt din reported that they slept with strangers â€Å"upon the wish of their husbands,† who â€Å"told them it was a positive commandment. â€Å"16 According to the above, Frankest Hashish Judaism Approach to AsceticismRegarding the interaction between man's sexuality and his strive for spirituality, Hashish literature does not leave us wanting. The Maggie of Mechanize spoke of converting oneself into an â€Å"main† or â€Å"state of nothingness† during the act of intercourse. In an obviously physical act it is quite telling that the Maggie calls for the absolute negation of one's physical self. Essentially, the Maggie states that sex, while both an important and necessary part of life, is not an act which should induce Joy or pleasure. 7 The Magic's foremost pupil Rabbi Eliminate of Lichens (1717-1786) rived this teaching from a verse in Genesis 4:1 which states: â€Å"And the man knew Eve his wife; and she conceived and bore Cain, and said: ‘I have gotten a man with the help of the LORD. '18 The question asked on this verse was why the Biblical author used the word ‘know for intercourse instead of a more descriptive word for the action. The answer given was that Adam did not act correctly during intercourse.Instead of directing all his thought to concentrate on God in heaven, he focused on his wife and her physicality, as well as his personal sexual enjoyment, thus â€Å"knowing† err. As David Bible explained, â€Å"Dam's sin was not sexuality itself but the desire and physical enjoyment that was aroused in him while having intercourse. â€Å"19 Perhaps then, this is speaking of not only the prerequisite negation of one's physical interaction and enjoyment, but also of the necessity to shun one's mental involvement with the act of intercourse.This idea is quite analogous to Moodiness's remarks in More Invective, namely that â€Å"one should detach his thought from, and abolish his desire for, bestial things. â€Å"20 Just as the Hashish thinkers discussed the actions and emotions associated with the act of intercourse, so too did they instruct regarding the proper times when the sexual act is permitted. Such an idea is found in the writing of Menace Mendel of Katz (1787-1859), who is considered to be one of the strongest advocates for asceticism among first generation Hashish's. 1 He writes in his work Meet Vehemence about how the biblical infraction of illicit sexual relations may be applied to unnecessary r elations with one's wife, even those outside of the prohibited Indian period. 22 Such a view essentially prohibits one to engage in elation's with his wife unless there exists a valid Halfback reason (such as the Matzoth of Noah or Pre Reeve) for doing so. This idea is quite similar to the guidelines which Moodiness prescribes for the spiritually elite in More Invective, 23 that one should â€Å"reduce to the extent possible†24 engagement in the physical pleasures of the world.Rabbi McCann of Burbles (1772-1810) took ascetic practice a step further than others, to a level which has no parallel in Moodiness's writings. Rabbi McCann is known for his famous claim of â€Å"for me men and woman are the name,†25 meaning that not only had he restrained his physical actions, but that he had also completely conquered his innate sexual drive. Yet, in the Hay Maharani, Rabbi McCann seems to vacillate between intense euphoria on his supposed overcoming of sexual desire and deep de pression at the realization that such a desire had yet again returned to tempt him. 6 Perhaps such a state of mind drove Rabbi McCann to the extreme edge of the ascetic spectrum. Rabbi McCann, in several of the works ascribed to him, describes the idea of sexual lusts as the root of all human sin and desire. Thus, it may be said that Rabbi McCann strives to not only curb his sexual passions and avoid all forms of illicit sexuality (such as lascivious thoughts), but also to uproot and eradicate the innate human sexual drive from his conscience. 7 Such an audacious endeavor was not intended for the masses; rather, it was reserved for the elite few, and quite possibly for Rabbi McCann alone, of whom it was said, â€Å"was keen on asserting that he, the true Addict,' had achieved the supreme indifference to sexuality that the earlier masters had only preached. â€Å"28 The idea of guarding oneself to the extent of not attaining pleasure in the act of intercourse may be found in the as cetic practices of Rabbi McCann.True, Rabbi McCann recognized the significance of the act of intercourse in its role as facilitator of the fulfillment of Halfback obligations, yet he did not find anything attractive or pleasurable in the act itself. Rather, for him the act took on a feeling of actual physical pain: Copulation is difficult for the true Addict. Not only does he have no desire for it at all, but he experiences real suffering which is like that which the infant undergoes when he is circumcised. This very same suffering, to an even greater degree, is felt by the Addict during intercourse. The infant has no awareness; thus his suffering is not so great.But the Addict, because he is aware of the pain, suffers more greatly than does the infant. 29 Rabbi Manama's concept of experiencing the pain of circumcision during the sexual act finds itself on the extreme outskirts of Hashish thought. While, as mentioned above, some advocate for a connection to God as opposed to one's p artner during intercourse, and some like Moodiness discuss denying oneself pleasure in the act itself, very few go so far as to assert that one should have negative, painful feelings during intercourse in an effort to facilitate a parietal, as opposed to a physical, nexus.Rabbi McCann however, stresses that only through the negation of physical pleasure could the Addict consecrate the act of intercourse; only with the physical pain of circumcision could the Addict raise the coarse annalistic nature of the sexual act to a sanctified performance, one which beholds divine partnership within the process of procreation. 30 Manama's call for a prerequisite asceticism to facilitate a proper spiritual cleaving to God places him far beyond anything previously advocated by normative or Hashish Judaism. Yet, RabbiMcCann clearly states that this is the level of the Addict, and not that of the ordinary man. Several authors quote him as saying that â€Å"every man can be worthy of achieving this level,31† and indeed on a theoretical plane this may be true. Practically though, Rabbi McCann never demanded this of his followers, rather reserving these ascetic ideals for the true Addict, the elite core of the Hashish community, someone like Rabbi McCann himself. Conclusion Sexuality poses a unique challenge to the religious man: how can one synthesize the pleasures of the flesh with his spiritual beliefs?The answer, according to Moodiness and several Hashish thinkers, is found in individuals acts of asceticism, actions which go beyond the raw restrictions and requirements of Halvah, deeds which serve to redeem the religious man from his bestial and perhaps even sinful instincts. While the need for such actions is agreed upon by both Moodiness and the Hashish thinkers, the extent to which they must permeate man's existence is a matter of controversy. Moodiness ‘s higher spiritual man is placed on par with the average spiritual man in Hashish thought, while the Hashi sh Addict, according to RabbiMcCann, takes upon himself ascetic measures far beyond those advocated for by Moodiness. As discussed above, I believe that this Hashish tendency towards asceticism came about, in part, due to its many shared factors with the Sebastian movement and desire to distance itself from the sexual immortality found among the Sebastian and Franklins. Whereas normative Maidenhead Judaism advanced two set forms of ascetic behavior, the Hashish movement saw it necessary to expand on these ascetic guidelines in an effort to distance itself from its wayward, licentious neighbors.